The Age of Absolutism Louis XVI What is

The Age of Absolutism

Louis XVI: What is this picture trying to convey to the observer? What do you see? How does it convey power?

Terms to Understand • Divine Right • The belief that God chose a ruler to rule. • Absolute Monarchy • A monarch who has unquestioned, absolute rule and power. • Monarch • A ruler who is part of a ruling family that passes down power from generation to generation • Balance of Power • Countries have equal strength in order to prevent any one country from dominating the others.

Charles V and the Hapsburg Empire • In 1519 Charles V, grandson of Ferdinand Isabella, not only inherited the Spanish throne but also was heir to the Hapsburg Empire including the Holy Roman Empire, and Netherlands. • Ruling 2 empires kept him engaged in constant warfare • Exhausted and disillusioned Charles gave up his titles and entered a monastery in 1556 • He divided his empire between his brother, who had central Europe and his son who he gave Spain, Netherlands, southern Italy, and Spain’s overseas empire.

Spain’s Empire

Spain Under Philip II • Philip ruled over the Netherlands, which was predominately protestant and had support from Elizabeth of England. She also encouraged her captains to plunder Spanish treasure ships • Philip sends his Armada to attack England but a storm scatters the ships and was it was defeated. This will begin the decline of Spanish power

The Defeat of the Spanish Armada signals the beginning of the decline of Spain

El Greco / Spain's Golden Age

El Grecco / View of Toledo

Velazquez las Meninas

Rise of France • Like a skillful puppeteer, Cardinal Richelieu worked behind the scenes of Henry IV and Louis XIII to change French foreign policy. • His main goal was to centralize power around the monarchy and make France the leading power in Europe. • He went against the Edict of Nantes, stripping away the many rights and freedoms given to French Huguenots and other religious groups by Henry IV. • Richelieu picked his successor Cardinal Masserine who would watch over the new king, Louis XIV.

Cardinal Richelieu

Louis XIV: The Sun King • The Fronde uprising traumatized Louis when he was young. • He claimed divine right. • Like the sun is the center of the universe and everything revolves around it, Louis XIV believed “L’etat, c’est moi” (I am the state). • He centralized government, or brought everything to depend on his rule, run from his palace. • His palace at Versailles became a symbol of his absolute power.

The Sun King’s Palace at Versailles

The Versailles Palace Today

The Hall of Mirrors The Queen’s Bedroom Louis XIV Loved to Spend Money!!! The Chapel at Versaille The King’s Bedroom

One of the Gardens at Versailles

Louis XIV: The Sun King • He ruled for 72 years • He ignored the Estates General (French Parliament/ Congress) • He built up the strongest military in Europe, funded, trained, and loyal to the central government. • He spent lavishly, in the arts and architecture. During his reign France became the cultural model for other countries and ballet came to be an important art form. • He neglected the common people. • He revoked the Edict of Nantes • English and Dutch kings fought with him to try to keep a balance of power in Europe. • His wars left the treasury drained.

The Family of Louis XIV

The Thirty Years War (1618 -1648) • The Thirty Years' War was a series of wars principally fought in Central Europe, involving most of the countries of Europe. ] It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, and one of the longest continuous wars in modern history. • Initially, religion was a motivation for war as Protestant and Catholic states battled it out even though they all were inside the Holy Roman Empire. Changing the relative balance of power within the Empire was at issue. Gradually, it developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers of Europe. In this general phase the war became less specifically religious. • Murder, torture then famine and disease led to a severe depopulation of the German states • The Treaty of Westphalia ends the war with France gaining territory, the Hapsburgs losing territory and the Netherlands and Swiss Federation gaining independence. Germany was divided into more than 360 kingdoms

Austria • Despite loses during the 30 Years War, the Hapsburgs family formed a strong Catholic nation in Austria. They had strong leadership under Maria Theresa, 1740 -1780.

Maria Theresa • The Pragmatic Sanction – A royal decree by Charles VI (1718) having the force of law by which Europe’s rulers promised not to divide the Hapsburg lands and to accept a female succession. • She made war with Prussia when they seized some of her land (Silesia). – Despite a lack of knowledge in politics, she was a good enough politician to get help from other nations (Great Britain and the Netherlands).

Prussia • Became a powerful Protestant state. • North German Princes called Hohenzollern united their lands after the Peace of Westphalia. • They took the power of the other lords, known as Junkers, but gained their loyalty back by giving them powerful jobs in the army. • They centralized government as an absolute monarchy under Frederick William, who did this by forming one of the fiercest militaries ever seen… – “Prussia is not a a state which possesses an army, rather an army that possesses a state. ”

Prussia • Frederic William’s son, named Frederick II, who was treated harshly by his father, became a brilliant military leader, and was given the title Frederick the Great. • Austria and Prussia had both arisen as powerful states, and competed with each other for power over central Europe for a long time to come. Frederick the Great of Prussia

The War of Austrian Succession

The War of Austrian Succession • Frederick the Great invades the Austrian territory of Silesia. – Enormous desire to expand Prussian territory. – Silesia rich in natural resources. • Frederick the Great rejected the Pragmatic Sanction which justified Maria’s power. • Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle – Officially recognized Prussia’s rise as an important European nation.

The Seven Years’ War (Prussia Cont’d) • Maria Theresa was determined to get Silesia back. • She becomes allied to Russia, who’s Empress Elizabeth was an archenemy of Frederick the Great…we now have the tables set for another war. • Frederick the Great, by the war’s end, is able to keep most of Silesia.

The Seven Year War / French and Indian War/ First World Wide Conflict • Alarmed by the growing power and ambition of Frederick the Great, France, Spain, Austria, Saxony, Russia, and Sweden formed a coalition with the intention of destroying - or at least crippling - Prussia. Frederick, struck first by invading Saxon knocking them out of the war. Britain, already involved in colonial conflict with France in North America and India, allied with Prussia. British concentrate on defeating France in colonial conflicts, while supporting Prussia in Europe with large cash subsidies, and a small army sent to western Germany. French resources were drained having to fight in Europe, enabling the British to be successful in their colonial campaigns, winning decisively in America and India, and Frederick was able to fend off the coalition against him, Russia dropped out of the war in 1762 when Catherine the Great became empress; Sweden also came to terms with Prussia in 1762. • Treaty of Paris ends the war helping to create a huge British empire

Russia • • Peter the Great Czar- from the Romanov family 7 feet tall Took over when he was 10, but did not really exercise power until 1689. • Grew up going to the “German Quarter” and learned of new, western technology. • Worked numerous jobs to learn skills • Sought to “westernize” Russia

Russia (continued) • Peter’s goals -Westernize Russia -Strengthen the military -Expand Russia’s borders -Centralize royal power • He did this by forcing the landowning nobles, called boyars into service of the government or the military. • He also took control of the Eastern Orthodox Christian Church

Russia • Peter the Great made Russia better by bringing western technology and “upgrades” into the country. • Peter the Great made life worse for the Russian people by – Bringing serfdom into Russia • Forcing serfs to work in the army or on public projects – Showing no mercy to anyone who resisted his changes. • He tortured and killed anyone who resisted, including his own elite palace guards –whose corpses he left rotting in the streets.

Russia • Peter the Great’s biggest problem was that Russia had no warm water ports. He battled with the Ottoman Turks to try to gain control of the Black Sea, but could not defeat them. • He had, however, defeated Sweden for good cold water ports along the Baltic Sea. • Peter built his capital, the city of St. Petersburg, on the Baltic Sea, giving him a “gateway to the West. ” – He forced laborers to drain a swamp along the Neva river, resulting in hundreds dead.

St Petersburg

Russia Under Peter the Great

Catherine the Great • When Peter the Great died, he did not leave an heir to the throne. The Romanov family began to battle for power. • Catherine was born in Prussia, but came to Russia to marry Czar Peter III. She learned Russian an converted to Orthodox Christianity. • Peter III went crazy, and was assassinated by his own guards… who then made Catherine their leader.

Catherine the Great • She embraced Peter the Great’s ideas of westernization and serfdom. • She became strong by letting the boyars go without paying taxes and taxing the peasants heavily herself. Many more Russians were forced into serfdom. • She defeated the Ottomans to gain control of the Black Sea and gains a warm water port!!!. • In the 1790 s she divided up, or partitioned, Poland between Russia, Prussia (Under Frederick the Great) and Austria. By the time they were done, Poland would be gone from the map, not to reappear as a free Poland until 1919.

The English Civil War World History

Objectives • After we finish this section, we should be able to: – Explain how the English Civil War limited the power of the English monarchy – Analyze English rights that were protected by the results of the English Civil War and their impact on the American Revolution

Prologue • Queen Elizabeth of England produced no children, so the crown of England passed to James I, a Stuart (Scottish) • Parliament was the government body made up of representatives who advised the king or queen on how to run the country • James would struggle with Parliament to take more power

James of Scotland • James asserted his authority over the government, and this led to conflict with Parliament – James believed in the principle of divine right – God made him king – He spent lavishly on his lifestyle, and ran up England’s expenses – Also ended a war with Spain that forced England to pay war reparations to Spain

James’ Religious Views • The Puritans were Christians who disagreed with the Anglican church and wanted to purify it of its Catholic traditions and rituals • James, who was Anglican, responded to the Puritans by threatening them – many Puritans fled to North America and settled in the English colonies • James has a group of scholars write a new translation of the Bible – King James Version

Charles I • After James, Charles I of England took over and behaved very badly – Marries a Catholic woman – Charles dissolved Parliament after they wouldn’t fund a war – Forced farmers to supply loans, or threw them in jail – He quartered troops in people’s homes and declared martial law in towns – military courts and rule

The Petition of Right • When Charles was desperate and called Parliament again, they forced Charles to sign the Petition of Right – Charles couldn’t collect taxes or force loans – No imprisonment without cause – No quartering of troops – No martial law • Charles dissolved Parliament and ignored the Petition of Right, even after he signed it

Parliament’s Power • Charles again recalled Parliament to fight a war against invading Scots – Parliament voiced its complaints – Charles dissolved them again – Charles, desperate for money, reconvened Parliament again • This new Parliament worked to decrease Charles’ power

English Civil War Oliver Cromwell led the Roundheads to victory in 1646, when the Royalists surrender Charles is put on trial and executed –shocking to just about everybody

The Commonwealth • The new government was a commonwealth, an elected government • It crushed opposition from Royalists in Ireland Scotland, and also Levellers, who supported the vote for all men • Cromwell dismissed Parliament and placed England under Puritan military rule • When Cromwell dies, his son can’t maintain power and England returns to a monarchy

Charles II Charles was known as the Merry Monarch because he strongly supported the arts, science, entertainment, etc. Parliament settled England’s religious issues The Church of England (Anglican) became the state religion The Puritan clergy were removed from the churches

Constitutional Monarchy • England became a constitutional monarchy – Power of the monarch was limited by the English constitution, which was based on certain official documents and other legal traditions • This limitation of the monarch made many other European monarchs (who ruled by divine right or were at least absolute monarchs) feel threatened

The Succession of James • Charles was known as a philanderer and never produced any legitimate children by a married wife • After Charles died, his brother James took the throne. James was Catholic • James attempted to re-establish the power of the monarchy and make it absolute again

James • James wanted absolute power, and claimed the divine right of kings • He felt that as king he had the right to suspend or ignore laws, regardless of Parliament, and appointed Catholics to high office. Many feared he would restore the Roman Catholic Church. Parliament became concerned when James’ wife gave birth today a baby boy, heir to the throne, and Catholic • When Parliament opposed James, he eventually fled the country bringing about what was known as the Glorious Revolution or Bloodless Revolution

William and Mary • Mary, his protestant daughter, who was, married William of Orange (Dutch Netherlands), was invited to rule England together as William and Mary. • James knew he had no support in England fled – She swore to observe the rules of Parliament

Restriction of the Monarchy Under the rule of William and Mary, Parliament passed a Bill of Rights restricting the powers of the English monarchy King couldn’t raise taxes, maintain an army, or suspend laws without parliament Parliament should have freedom of debate Individual rights should be guaranteed, such as the right to a jury trial, and freedom from cruel and unusual punishments Parliament had also previously passed a law preserving the right of habeas corpus – no one could be held without being accused of a crime

Summary: • Absolute monarchies with centralized governments began to rise to power in Europe. • The dominant forces in Europe were England, France, Prussia, Austria, and Russia. • Religious divisions were evident Protestants (England + Prussia), Catholics (France + Austria), and Eastern Orthodox Christianity (Russia). • Competitions formed between certain nations. -England v. France- in the new world -Prussia v. Austria over the German States • Alliances were formed between these powers constantly to preserve a balance of power in Europe. These alliances would also shift depending on the goals of the leaders involved. • Overview: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=g. MCX 0 g. Qm. L 0 g

Concepts: • absolute monarch • divine right • balance of power • habeas corpus • limited monarchy • westernization • boyar • Partition • Hapsburg Empire • Ottoman Empire • Edict of Nantes • 30 Years War • Peace of Westphalia • warm water port • czar • Versailles • Estates General • Parliament • Eastern Orthodox Church • English Civil War • The Glorious Revolution • Bill of Rights Vocabulary People(s): • Charles V • Suleiman • Philip II • Huguenots • The Romanovs • Peter the Great • Catherine the Great • Frederick William • Frederick the Great • Cavaliers • Roundheads • The Stuarts • serfs • Boyars • Hohenzollern • Cardinal Richelieu • Louis XIV • Maria Theresa • Charles II • Oliver Cromwell • Junkers • William and Mary

Complete this chart: Spain Type of Government + Leaders Wars Religion Important Events (other than wars) France England Austria Prussia Russia