THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISM 1550 1800 Bell Work

THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISM (1550 -1800)

Bell Work 11/28 • You need to grab the Absolutism Poster Project sheet up front • Also, you need to grab The Spanish Armada worksheet, you have about 15 minutes to complete this • Then, Elizabeth • Don’t forget about the Christmas Child Extra Credit

Bell Work 12/4 • Make sure your name is on your paragraphs and turn them into the box • What was Phillip II’s nickname? Or what was he known as? • Project Due next Wednesday • This week: Notes, test on Friday so we can review for exam next week

Absolutism • Form of monarchical power when a ruler has a complete authority over the government and lives of the people • Two types of A. : 1. Ruler 2. Ruler + Chief Minister • A. took place in: Spain, France, Prussia, Russia, Austria

Bell Work • 11/27 • If you could build any house in the world, what would it look like? How many rooms, bathrooms? Amenities? • What allowed monarchs, kingdoms, to arise in Europe following the Renaissance and Reformation period?

Bell Work 11/29 • What are some possible benefits of absolutism? • What are some possible downfalls? • Any examples that you can find from the movie? • Tonight: Worksheet

Map of states under Absolutism

Bell Work 11/30 • Turn in your homework • Come in and sit down, be quiet and we will continue with the video

Setting the Stage • Europe was in a period after Reformation. Still divided religiously. – Catholic territory: Spain, France, Italy, Southern Germany. – Protestant territory: England, Netherlands, Northern Germany • Spain, France, and England had colonies in Asia, the Americas, and Africa.

Spain (Charles V: King of 2 Crowns) • Grandson of Ferdinand Isabella: Inherited Spain and Austrian Hapsburg empire in 1519. • Struggled to suppress Protestant movement in German states as well as the Ottoman empire led by Suleiman. • Tired of the constant warfare of this diverse empire, Charles V gave up his title and entered a monastery. • Division of his empire: • Hapsburg land→brother Ferdinand • Spain, Netherlands, southern Italy→son Philip

Spain (Philip II) • Thanks to silver from Americas, his empire became the wealthiest in Europe. • Absolute monarch: complete authority over government and lives of people. • Ruled by divine right: believed his authority to rule came directly from God. • Sought to protect and strengthen the Catholic Church. Counterreformation; turned Inquisition against Protestants. Enforced Catholic unity in his lands.

Spain (The Wars of Philip II) • Defeated Ottoman Muslims in the Mediterranean region. • Battled Protestant rebels in Netherlands who resisted Philip’s efforts to crush Protestantism there. Also opposed high taxes and autocratic rule. • Netherlands eventually won independence from Spain after many years of war and became known as the Dutch Netherlands in 1648.

Spain (The Wars of Philip II) • Queen Elizabeth I was chief Protestant enemy who supported the Dutch rebellions. • She also knighted Sir Francis Drake, a pirate who looted Spanish treasure ships. • In response, Philip II Prepared a huge Armada (fleet of 130 ships) against England. • Due to storm on English Channel, armada was destroyed. England won and suprassed Spanish power thereafter. Victory for Elizabeth I

Spanish Golden Age: 1550 -1650 • • • Philip II was a patron of the arts and founded academies for science and math. Painters: – El Greco: religious pictures and royal portraits – Diego Velázquez: best known court painter. Writers: – Miguel de Cervantes: wrote Don Quixote, the first modern novel in Europe. Mocks medieval chivalry.

Spain’s Economic Decline: 1600 s • Economic decline because: 1. There were less able successors after Philip II 2. Wars overseas drained Spain financially. 3. Expulsion of Muslim and Jew= deprived the economy of many skilled artisans and merchants 4. France (and England) replaced Spain as most powerful European nation.

Bell Work • Who was the most powerful ruler in French History? • What was the idea that nothing can be known for certain? • Immense French Palace? • Name one of the two powerful cardinals that helped rule France? • What absolute monarch ruled Spain?

France • From 1560 s-1590 s, religious war between Huguenots (French Protestants) and the Catholic majority tore France apart. • Worst incident: Bartholomew´s day Massacre. 3, 000 were killed. Symbolized complete breakdown of order in France.

France: (Henry IV) • Henry IV: In 1589, a Huguenot prince inherited the throne. • Issued Edict of Nantes in 1598: protected Protestants and promote religious tolerance. • He ruled alone but royal officials helped him. Strong central government to restore order. • Royal officials: 1. Administered justice 2. Improved roads, built bridges 3. Revived agriculture ***Laid foundations for royal absolutism.

France (Louis XIII) • Henry IV assassinated→ 9 years old son Louis XIII inherited throne. • Young Louis XIII appointed Cardinal Armand Richelieu as his chief minister and ruled with his help. • Richelieu further strengthened central government

France (Richelieu) Richelieu sought to destroy the power of Huguenots and nobles so he: • Smashed the • Defeated the Huguenots cities private nobles and outlawed armies and their armies destroyed their castles • BUT he allowed them to practice their own religion • BUT he tied nobles to king by giving them high posts at court or in royal army Also, involved France in 30 years war to weaken Hapsburg power

Turn towards Skepticism • Idea that nothing can ever be known for certain • Montaigne developed essay • Rene Descarteshelped develop the scientific method by questioning

France (Louis XIV & Marazin) • Richelieu handpicked his successor Cardinal Jules Marazin, • Reign of Louis XIV: 1. Ruled with Marazin´s help 2. Disorder again swept France • After Marazin died Louis took the government under his control • Claimed “I Am The State” or the “Sun King. ” Believed in divine right to rule. Took sun as symbol of absolute power.

France (Louis XIV) • Never called a meeting of the Estates General, a council that was established to check royal power. • Appointed intendants to collect taxes, recruit soldiers, and carry out his policies throughout France. • Under Louis XIV, French army became the strongest in Europe. • His finance minister, Jean Baptiste Colbert followed mercantilist policies, helping make France the wealthiest state in Europe.

France (Louis XIV & Versailles) • Built palace of Versailles, the most magnificent building in Europe. • Versailles became symbol of the Sun King’s wealth and power. Housed 10, 000 people. • No expense was too great. Lavish lifestyle. • Court of Louis supported splendid century in the arts. Moliere-Tartuffe • Purpose of art was to glorify king

War of Spanish Succession • 1700 -Charles II (Spain) died without heir • Promised throne to Louis XIV’s grandson Phillip of Anjou • England, Austria, Dutch, and Portugal and several states joint to stop union • War of Spanish Succession • Treaty of Utrecht- thrones not unite, GB took Gibralter, British company gained asiento

France (Louis XIV) • Reigned for 72 yrs, longer than any other monarch. • French culture, manners, and customs replaced those of Renaissance Italy as the standard for European taste. • Revoked Edict of Nantes forcing over 100, 000 Huguenots to flee France. Caused serious blow to French econ. • By the time Louis XV inherited throne, France was in a state of chaos.

Bell Work • What war was a conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families? • How was the war defined? (2 parts) • What steps did the Austrian Hapsburgs take toward becoming absolute monarchs? • What countries were allies during the War of Austrian Succession ? • Seven Years War?

Austria & Prussia • Struggle between Protestant North and Catholic South in Germany triggered the Thirty Years’ War. • The war led to severe depopulation. As many as 1/3 of the people in the German states died during the wars.

Hapsburg Triumphs • 1618 -1648 • Hapsburg armies from Austria/Spain crushed Protestant Prince armies • Ferdinand II allowed army to plunder

Hapsburg Defeats • Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden-army of 23, 000 shifted war • France entrance on Protestant side dominated rest of war • Peace of Westphalia – – Weakened Hapsburg Strengthened France Ended Religious wars, German Princes independent Introduced new methods of peace negotiations

Central Europe • Strong states formed slowly-aristocracy passed laws against serfs gaining freedom • Landowning nobles blocked ability for king to develop a state • 30 years war left Holy Roman Empire weak • Countries step in to fill void

Maria Theresa • Hapsburgs of Austria • Retook Bohemia/Hungary • Created noble class • Charles VI • Persuaded other leader to sign agreement recognizing Maria Theresa as heir

Rise of Prussia • Meanwhile, Prussia emerged as a new Protestant power. • Under Prussian ruler Frederick William I, a great army was assembled. Known as Great Elector • Bought Prussia’s landowning nobles, Junkers by giving right to be officers in army • Highly militarized society.

Frederick the Great • Frederick II-Frederick the Great • Followed father’s military policy • Encouraged religious tolerance and legal reform

Wars • War of Austrian Succession • Frederick wanted Silesia • Hungary, Great Britain and Austria fought France and Prussia • Maria Theresa lost • The Seven Years War • Maria Theresa made alliance with France and Russia • Frederick signed treaty with Britain • Fought all over the world • Britain emerged as victor

Bell Work • Get out your outline. • What monarch have you chosen or feel most interested in? Why? • What are some failures and accomplishments that you already know?

Bell Work • Get out your chart • How does Obama conflict with congress on ruling our nation? Give an example if you know.

England (The Tudors & Parliament) • Power was maintained far differently in England than in France and Spain. • Tudor dynasty reigned from 1485 -1603. • Henry VII believed in divine right, but valued Parliament and maintained good relationships. • Elizabeth I was popular and successful thanks to good Parliamentary relations.

English Parliament • House of Lords: – Upper house – Hereditary rule or appointed by sovereign – Lord Spiritual and Lord Temporal lead this house. • House of Commons – Lower house – Democratically elected body. – Prime Minister leads this house.

England (The Stuarts & Parliament) • When Elizabeth died without a direct heir, the throne passed to the Stuarts, the ruling family of Scotland. • James I, the first Stuart monarch contested Parliament and sought absolute rule. • Leaders in the House of Commons (body of Parliament) resisted his claim to divine right. • In 1625, Charles I inherited the throne. Also behaved like an absolute monarch. Imprisoned foes without trial and created bitter enemies. • For 11 years, he ruled the nation without Parliament. When he finally summoned Parliament to get help suppressing a Scottish rebellion, it launched its own revolt.

Parliamentary Rebellion and Civil War • When Parliament finally reconvened they staged the greatest political revolution in English history. • Charles lashed back against the reforms they proposed. • When he attempted to arrest the most radical leaders, they escaped and formed an army. • A civil war ensued, lasting from 1642 -1649. In the end, revolutionary forces triumphed. • Oliver Cromwell led the triumphant New Model Army for Parliament, and by 1647, the king was in the hands of parliamentary forces.

Execution of King Charles • After the war, Parliament set up court to put King Charles on trial. • He was condemned as tyrant, traitor, and public enemy, and beheaded. • 1 st time in history that a monarch had been tried and executed by his own people. • Sent clear message that in England, no ruler could claim absolute power and ignore the rule of law.

The Commonwealth • After execution of Charles I, House of Commons abolished monarchy, House of Lords, and Church of England. • Declared England a republic called the Commonwealth, which was led by Oliver Cromwell. Enforced strict military rule. • Under the Commonwealth, Puritans replaced the Church of England. Strict piety. • After Cromwell died, Puritans lost their grip on England.

Charles II • Many English were tired of military rule and strict Puritan ways • After a decade of kingless rule, Parliament invited Charles II to return to England from exile. • Unlike his father, Charles II was a popular ruler who avoided his father’s mistakes in dealing with Parliament. • Restored Church of England promoted religious tolerance.

James II, William & Mary • Charles II’s brother James II inherited the throne. • Unlike Charles II, he angered Parliament and attempted to restore Catholic Church. • Parliament invited his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to become rulers of England. • When they arrived, James fled to France. Non-violent overthrow known as the Glorious Revolution.

English Bill of Rights • Before they could be crowned, William and Mary had to accept several acts passed by Parliament that became known as the English Bill of Rights. • It ensured superiority of Parliament over the monarchy. • Required monarch to summon Parliament regularly and forbade monarch from interfering with debate or suspending laws. • Also restored trial by jury and affirmed principle of habeas corpus in which no one could be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. • Created a limited monarchy form of government. Set England apart from the rest of Europe.

Bell Work • Get out your questions • Fill in the chart comparing Russia to western Europe Category Russia Western Europe Labor serfs have gained freedom Religion Orthodox Catholic/Protestant Geography isolated Oceans, sea, trade, exchange of ideas

Bell Work • What event happened in history today? • How did Russia become westernized? Who was responsible? • Read surviving the Russian Winter on pg. 612 and 613

Russia Section 4 • Ivan IV-Ivan the Terrible-seized power from boyars at 16 - czar • 1547 -1560 -good period • 1560 -wife died-turned against boyars and killed thousands with secret police • Killed eldest son • Russia experience “time of troubles”

Russia Section 4 • Untouched by Renaissance and European reformations • 1682 did a czar emerge who was strong enough to regain order • Peter Mikhailov (Peter the Great) pushed Russia to become a great modern power. • “Westernized” after “Grand Embassy”trip

Russia Peter The Great and The Romanovs • Reduced power of landowners, Orthodox Church under state control • Modernize army • Introduced potatoes • Raised women’s status • Give up traditional clothes • Advanced education

Russia Peter The Great • Embarked on a policy of westernization, or adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture. • Had difficulty convincing Russians to change their way of life. • To impose his will, he became the most autocratic of Europe’s monarchs. Tortured and killed those who challenged him. • Also strengthened military, expanded Russian borders, • Brought Russian Orthodox Church under his control, and expanded serfdom (like feudalism/slavery). • Used serfs to serve the state. They were used to work on government projects like building roads, canals, etc. • Enforced mercantilist policies and expanded trade.

Russia St. Petersburg • Built new capital city at St. Petersburg. Called it a “window on the West. ” • Fought Sweden • Forced serfs to create city and many died • Forced nobles to move there also • Became busy port

Russia Catherine The Great • A German princess, who got to the throne by marrying Russian heir • Continued at what Peter started – extended Russian territory, brought even more reforms • Intelligent and educated woman, a student of French thinkers, who led Enlightment • Many similiarities in her reign to that of Peter the Great. Strong ruler, but often ruthless.

Russian absolutism • Absolute power of the czars was inherited. • Cruel, almost tyrannical reign of Peter was necessary in order to tame turmoil and prevent upheaval of power in Russia.

Sources Cited • Images from: Corbis. com Web Gallary of Art www. wga. hu • Ellis, E. G. , & Esler. (2005). A. World History: Connections to Today. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.