THE 5511 NEW TESTAMENT THEOLOGY CLASS II THEOLOGY

THE 5511 NEW TESTAMENT THEOLOGY CLASS II: THEOLOGY OF MARK AND MATTHEW

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW 1. 1 Introduction to theology of Mark • What is meant by “gospel”? • Good news of salvation (Isa 52: 7 + secular usage as good news*) • Gospel as kerygma about Jesus Christ (Acts) • Gospel as Paul summarized it (1 Cor 15: 1 -8) • Gospel as the story about Jesus (Mark 1: 1) • Gospel as literary works/genre (canonical Gospels) • “The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God” • Gospel [good news] about Jesus OR good news that Jesus proclaimed about the kingdom**

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Gospel about Jesus the Messiah by Mark includes • Jesus’ earthy ministry of preaching and healing • Announcement of the kingdom • Death, resurrection, and parousia How does that compare with Paul’s idea of gospel? (1 Cor 15: 1 -8)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW 1. 2 Theological structure of Mark • Jesus recognized gradually as the Messiah through… (Mk 1 -8: 26) • Proclamation & teaching • Powerful deeds (healing, miracles) • Suffering Son of Man & glorious Son of Man (Mk 8: 27 -16: 8) • Sayings about coming suffering • Death, resurrection, and glorious return • Main theological idea: Jesus, the Messiah proclaims and enacts God’s rule through his life, death, and resurrection

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW 1. 3 Theological themes in Mark • Kingdom of God • Kingdom and the gospel (1: 15) • Future reality (9: 1; 13: 25 -26; 14: 25; 15: 43) • “enter the kingdom” “eternal life” “ treasure in heaven” “saved” (10: 17, 21, 23, 26) • Kingdom “coming” “waiting” (9: 1; 13: 25 -26; 14: 21; 15: 43) • Kingdom “coming with glory” (14: 61 -62)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Present reality of the kingdom (Gr. eggiken*) (1: 15) • Esp. to children, sick, “sinners”, poor (2: 16 -17; 10: 15, 21, 46 -52) • • But also everyone (cf. 15: 43) Healings, exorcisms, overcoming chaos of the nature (3: 22, 27; 4: 40) • Invasion of Satan’s realm God’s activation of His rule over history & creation (Isa 52: 7) • The hidden kingdom – from tiny beginnings to great power • • Seed that grows on its own (4: 26 -29) Mustard seed – tiny seed, giant tree (4: 30 -32)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Kingdom is linked to… • • God & Jesus – his words and deeds “mystery” – not everyone comprehends (4: 11 -12) • • Suffering Messiah (8: 31; 9: 12; 10: 31, 45) Gradual understanding: personal encounter & following Jesus • Kingdom, Jesus’ death & suffering • God’s rule challenges rule of Jewish leaders (2: 24; 3: 6, 22; 11: 15 -18; 14: 1*) • • Rome’ rule (5: 9; 12: 17; 15: 1 -4; 26 -27) Gospel about God’s Kingdom (1: 1) OR Roman Empire?

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Christology – Who is Jesus? • Reader: “the gospel of Jesus Christ, Son of God” (1: 1) • “What is this? ” “who can forgive sins? ” “Who is this? ” “who do you say I am” (1: 27, 2: 7, 4: 41, 8: 29) • Christ/Messiah (1: 1; 8: 29; 14: 61; 15: 32) • • Messianic expectations of the time* God’s anointed one through whom God establishes the kingdom • • Son of David (10: 47; 12: 35) Messianic secret (see further)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Son of God (1: 1, 11; 3: 11; 5: 7; 9: 7; 13: 32; 14: 61; 15: 39) • Jesus declared Son of God by God (1: 11; 9: 7) & Demons (3: 11; 5: 7) • Jesus (12: 6, 36//Ps 110: 1; 13: 32; 14: 61 -62) & Centurion (15: 39) • Son of God in the cultural context • OT: Israel, angels, kings (Ex 4: 22 -3; Hos 11: 1; Gen 6: 2; 2 Sam 7: 14; Ps 2) • Divine man (Gk. theios aner) – e. g. Apollonius of Tyana • Roman emperors (Apotheosis & filius deus) – esp. Augustus Mark’s emphasis on “beloved” or unique (1: 11; 9: 7; 12: 6; 14: 36) • “Son of the Most High”/exalted Son of Man occupy God’s throne (14: 61 -62)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Messiah – whose son, whose Lord? And Jesus began to say, as He taught in • What is Jesus saying? the temple, “How is it that the scribes say • Who is speaking in Ps 110: 1? that the 36 Christ is the son of David? David himself said in the Holy • Who is the 1 st Lord? Spirit, ‘THE LORD SAID TO MYLORD [εἶπεν κύριος τῷ κυρίῳ μου], “SIT AT MY RIGHT • Who is the 2 nd Lord? HAND, UNTIL I PUT YOUR ENEMIES • Who is speaking to whom & BENEATH YOUR FEET. ”’ 37 David himself what is being said? calls Him ‘Lord’; so in what sense is He • When does this saying take his son? ” And the large crowd enjoyed place? listening to Him. (Mk 12: 35 -37/ Ps 110: 1) • Who provides the words for David? What are the implications*? (cf. 14: 61 -62)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Son of Man – Jesus’ self-reference • • Suffering & death (8: 31; 8: 31, 9: 12, 10: 31, 45; 14: 21 -22) Power, glory & judgment – “coming with glory” (8: 38; 13: 26; 14: 61 -62) Daniel’s (Dan 7: 13, 10, 26) exalted language (13: 26; 14: 61 -62) • OT & Jewish background (Ps 8: 4; Ezek 33: 2; Dan 7; 1 En 70 -71) • • Traditional “Messiah category” inadequate Son of Man enigmatic for hearers • Per Dan 7: 13 Son of Man possessed authority that is hidden for a time due to the oppression of the enemy – God eventually vindicates • • Jesus’ life: Authority – suffering – glory Authority to forgive, heal, teach, cast out demons – suffering & glory

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Messianic secret* – why silence about Jesus’ deeds & identity? • “Say nothing to anyone” (1: 44) • Demons know Jesus’ identity (1: 24, 32; 3: 11 -12) • Silence (1: 43; 5: 43; 7: 36; 8: 29 -30; 9: 9; cf. 5: 19 -20**) • Identity revealed b/f high priest (14: 61 -62; cf. 11: 1 -11) Why?

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Some scholarly suggestions: • Jesus never claimed to be Messiah/Son of God – later invention • Correct mistaken understanding of disciples (cross-glory)* • Connection to the mystery of the kingdom • Readers know – invitation into mysterious character of Jesus Why Wrede’s Messianic secret theory is false** • “Secrecy” also connected to Kingdom and miracles (4: 10 -12; 5: 43) • Jesus does not silence Bartimeus – Son of David title (10: 46 -52; cf. 5: 19 -20) • Mark records disobedience to the command to silence (1: 25 -28, 43 -45; 7: 36 -37)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Eschatology – parousia of the Son of Man • Present kingdom & future kingdom • Now in partial and hidden way – future in full manifestation • Relation to Jesus’ & disciples’ suffering & glory • Seed – stalk – full plant + harvest (4: 26 -9) • Eschatological discourse (Mk 13) framed by 8: 38 & 14: 61 • Assure audience of God’s sovereign control per prophecy • Destruction of the Temple & parousia – one or two occasions? • “When” of the final consummation of the kingdom?

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • “When” of the kingdom enigmatic • • During Jesus’ life time? (9: 1*) “These things…” “This generation”? (13: 30; cf. 13: 32) Need for vigilance (13: 33 -37) • Eschatological discourse – destruction of Temple, Parousia or both? • Beginning of birth bangs (13: 5 -13) • • Suffering, wars, earthquakes, famines, persecution, false Messiahs Abomination of desolation & tribulation (13: 14 -23) “after tribulations” & parousia (13: 24 -27) Be alert (13: 28 -36)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW As He was going out of the temple, one of His disciples said to Him, “Teacher, behold what wonderful stones and what wonderful buildings!” 2 And Jesus said to him, “Do you see these great buildings? Not one stone will be left upon another which will not be torn down. ” 3 As He was sitting on the Mount of Olives opposite the temple, Peter and James and John and Andrew were questioning Him privately, 4 “Tell us, when will these things be, and what will be the sign when all these things are going to be fulfilled? ”… • What is the context and reference of the discourse?

…Many will come in My name…will mislead many. 7 When you Destruction of the 1) Beginning of “birth pangs” hear of wars. . . earthquakes…famines. These things are(13: 3 -5) merely the Temple (AD 70) or beginning of birth pangs…you will stand before governors… 10 The gospel must first be preached to all the nations… 14 “But when you the End – or both? see the ABOMINATION OF DESOLATION standing where it should not Signs before the end 2) Temple AD 1970 For (13: 14 -23) be…those…in Judea must flee&to. Tribulation the mountains… those days will be a time of tribulation such as has not occurred since the Gospel preaching beginning of the creation… 20 Unless the Lord had Temple Desecration shortened those days, no life would have been saved; 24 “But in those days, after that tribulation, THE SUN WILL BE DARKENED AND THE MOON Suffering/tribulation 26 Then they will see THE SON OF WILL NOT GIVE ITS LIGHT… MAN COMING IN CLOUDS with great power and glory. 27 And then He “after” – cosmic signs will send forth the angels, and will gather together His elect from the So. M coming w/ Glory So. M 28 Coming & “the End” (13: 24 -27) four 3) winds… “Now learn the parable from the fig tree…when you see these things happening, recognize that He is near, right at This generation the door. 30 Truly I say to you, this generation [ἡ γενεὰ αὕτη] will not pass away until all these things take place. 31 Heaven and earth will pass away, but My words will not pass away. 32 But of that day No-one knows or hour no one knows, not even the angels in heaven, nor the Son, but the Father alone. 33 “Take heed, keep on the alert; for you do not know when the appointed time will come… 37 What I say to you I say Vigilance to all, ‘Be on the alert!’”(13: 3 -36)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Common scholarly views: 1) Reference to Destruction of the Temple, AD 70 • “Coming” of the Son of Man – exaltation & vindication* • Gk. erchomai “going/coming” to God (cf. Dan 7: 13 -14) • Kingdom & God’s rule came in power (esp. resurrection)** • All preliminary signs occurred except the final coming of Son of Man (13: 24 -27) • Answers the disciples’ question – the Destruction of the Temple • Solution to the “this generation” (13: 30) • Problems: • Does it account for the dramatic language and prophetic perspective in Mark 13 par. ?

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW 2) Reference to Temple Destruction (AD 70) and the End* • Two events & prophetic perspective (prophetic foreshortening) 2 nd Coming AD 70 Pros & cons: - Answers the Q about the Temple - Assumes two questions & interval time (cf. Matt 24: 3) 1) Beginning of “birth pangs” (13: 3 -5) 2) Temple & Tribulation AD 70 (13: 14 -23) 3) So. M Coming & “the End” (13: 24 -27)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW 3) The End and Destruction of the eschatological Temple • All of Mark 13 after the “birth bangs” (13: 5) refer to the… • End time events • Eschatological Temple and its desecration • Problems: • What to do with the “this generation” not passing away (13: 30)? • Disciples ask about present Temple not eschatological Temple • Luke’s account points to AD 70 destruction (cf. Luke 21: 20, 24)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Significance of Jesus’ death – Disciples don’t get it (8: 31 -33) • Many predictions of Jesus’ death & resurrection (Mark 8 -10) • What is the meaning of Jesus’ death? – key texts (10: 45; 14: 22 -25) • Mark 10: 45 (cf. Isa 53: 10 -12) – “life as ransom for many”* • Focuses on the “ransom” – freeing/buying of slaves (Lev 25: 47 -55) • “for” (Gk. anti) as “on behalf”, “in substitution for” • Who is the “many”? – all, some, elect (cf. 1 QS VI 1, 7 -25) • • One as contrasted to many (not many vs. all) who receive benefit** “Many” as a reference to gentiles in addition to Israel

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • “This is my body…blood…of the covenant…poured out” (14: 22 -25) • Jesus gives the benefits of his death symbolically to disciples • • • Disciples appropriate the benefit by faith Inauguration of the New covenant – new relationship w/ God (Jer 31: 31) Jesus’ death involves bloodshed & ransom from sin (cf. Deut 21: 23) • Connection to Gethsemane in 14: 36 – “Take away this cup…”* • • “Cup of God’s wrath” (Isa 51: 17; Jer 25: 17; Ezek 23: 31 -34; Deut 21: 23) God-forsaken state (15: 34//Ps 22: 1) under God’s “cup” Connection to darkness & Temple veil rent asunder (15: 33, 37) Revelatory insight of Centurion – “truly the Son of God” (15: 39) Jesus takes on himself the ultimate God-forsakenness & God’s wrath

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Discipleship and response to Jesus • Ambiguity of “following” • • Crowd & degrees of commitment (1: 18; 2: 14 -15; 3: 7; 5: 24; 6: 1) Following as uncompromising attachment (8: 34 -38; 10: 28, 52) • Faith and repentance (1: 15) Discipleship involves suffering, persecution & rejection • Disciples – uncompromising allegiance (8: 34 -38; 10: 28) • • Esp. the 12 (3: 13 -19) Ambiguous nature of the 12 discipleships • • • Leave everything to follow Jesus Listen to Jesus’ private teachings about the mysteries (4: 11) Send out and do miracles (6: 6 -13)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Disciples’ failures & “hardened heart” • • • Lack of understanding his teachings (4: 14; cf. 4: 38) Does not understand Jesus’ suffering & death (8: 33; 9: 32; 10: 32 -34) Lack of faith & “hardened heart” (4: 40; 6: 52; 7: 18; 8: 17 -21) Fight over status (9: 33 -35; 10: 35 -46) Flee during arrest & Peter’s denial (14: 26 -72) Matt/Lk softened the critique (e. g. no “hardness of heart”) • Why this harsh critique of disciples? • Did the disciples fail?

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Critique of Mark toward the present leaders of the church? • But receive private teaching (4: 11) • Pastoral reasons – better option • • • Sympathy toward failing disciples Identification w/ disciples’ weakness Faithfulness of God and Christ • Will the disciples understand after resurrection? (16: 7) • Challenge to the audience – “beginning of the Gospel” (1: 1)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • What prompts understanding of Jesus’ identity? • Five key revelatory moments in Mark Baptism (1: 113) Peter’s confession (8: 27 -30) Transfiguration (9: 2 -13) Sanhedrin meeting (14: 53 -65) Crucifixion (15: 33 -39) Heavens torn - Glory cloud Revelatory disclosure Temple veil torn; darkness “Beloved Son” Christ “Beloved Son” “Son of Man with power” Son of God Only to Jesus Confession about Jesus Peter, James, John Jewish leaders By Centurion • • Empty tomb (16: 1 -8) Demons know in advance but Jesus silences them (1: 24; 3: 11; 5: 7)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW Conclusion • Identity of Jesus and connection to the kingdom • Jesus the Messiah & Son of God & mighty works +his proclamation of the Kingdom • Suffering and resurrection of the Son of Man • Glorious parousia • Mystery of the kingdom in the present • Discipleship as suffering growing perception of who Jesus is

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW Missio Dei in Mark’s Gospel • What is God’s mission according to Mark? • What does this reveal about God’s character? • How did Mark contextualize his Gospel to his audience? • How does that inform us as we make Gospel relevant today? • How do we participate in God’s mission? • How does Mark’s account challenge our Christian practice today?

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW 2. 1 Introduction to theology of Matthew • Matthew’s more complete story • Genealogy & birth (Mt 1 -2) • More extended teachings (five teaching blocks*) • Fuller account of death, burial & resurrection (Mt 26 -28) • Other distinctive stories, sayings, and parables • • Fulfillment of prophecies more extended Israel & Law Discipleship & church Righteousness of the kingdom

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW 2. 2 Theological themes in Matthew • Kingdom of heaven/God • Kingdom of heaven x 32 & of God x 5 (Mk x 14 [cf. Mt 19: 23 -24*]) • Future (6: 10; 8: 11 -12; 16: 28; 25: 31 -32; 26: 29) • Present reality (10: 7; 12: 28; 23: 13) • Strong ethical dimension as God’s rule – righteousness • Kingdom belongs to… • • • Those who repent and believe (4: 17, 23) “Poor in spirit” & persecuted for righteousness (5: 3, 10) “Sinners” (2: 14; 11: 19); sick (4: 23; 9: 35); poor (11: 5); children (18: 1 -4; 19: 14)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Kingdom & understanding* – parables (Matt 13: 1 -44) • • • Wheat and tares – “allow both to grow together until harvest…” Sower [“understands…bears fruit”]; mustard seed; leaven Treasure in field; pearl of great price; dragnet Fulfill Isa 6: 9 -10/Matt 13: 13 -15, 19, 23, 34 -35 “I proclaim…what’s…hidden” Present mystery & call; future manifestation in power • Kingdom as manifestation of God’s grace • • Life, light, healings & exorcisms (4: 23 -25; 8: 1 -17, 23 -34; 9: 1 -8, 18 -38) Parables • • • Generosity to undeserving (20: 1 -16) Invitation to all (22: 1 -14) Unexpected arrival (25: 1 -15)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Righteousness & Law – demands of the kingdom • Righteousness – Gk. dikaiosune + cognates (Paul & Matthew) • Paul – righteousness as God’s gift • Right standing (or covenant faithfulness) • What about righteousness & Law in Matthew? • Linked to the Kingdom • Special theme not found in other gospels • Unique meaning and angle different from Paul’s (similar to James) • Focus on practical Kingdom-behavior demanded of the disciples • Focus on Sermon on the Mt. & connected to Law & prophets (5 -7)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW “Do not think that I came to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I did not come to abolish but to fulfill. 18 For truly I say to you, until heaven and earth pass away, not the smallest letter or stroke shall pass from the Law until all is accomplished. 19 Whoever then annuls one of the least of these commandments, and teaches others to do the same, shall be called least in the kingdom of heaven; but whoever keeps and teaches them, he shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven. 20 “For I say to you that unless your righteousness surpasses that of the scribes and Pharisees, you will not enter the kingdom of heaven. (Mt 5: 17 -20)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Is Matthew teaching detailed observance of the Law? • More of what Pharisees did? • Law in effect for Christ-believers? • Special teaching for Jewish-Christians? • Law & prophets connected to righteousness (5: 17 -20) • What is the type of righteousness Jesus demands?

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Fulfillment of Law & prophets through Jesus’ ministry (3: 17) • • • Fulfillment of OT promises in Jesus’ life (1: 22 -23; 2: 5 -6, 17 -18; 3: 2) Expounded in Sermon on the Mt. (Mt 5 -7) Antitheses x 6 – Law & Jesus’ interpretation of Law • Murder – anger (5: 21 -22); adultery – lust (5: 27 -28) Deeper interpretation • Jesus also “sets aside” commandments (despite 5: 17 -19)* • • • Divorce (5: 31 -32; cf. Deut 24: 1 -4) Vows/truthful speech (5: 33 -37; Lev 19: 12; Num 30: 2)** Loving neighbor & enemy (5: 38 -43; Ex 21: 24; Lev 24: 20) Be perfect (5: 48; Gk. teleios; cf. 19: 21) Is Jesus “least” in the kingdom? (cf. 5: 19)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Righteousness per kingdom… • • • To be sought & hungered – perfected in the end (5: 3) Opposed to hypocrisy* (6: 1 -4; cf. 23: 23, 27 -28) Connected to Jesus & God’s own righteousness (5: 10 -11; 6: 33) • Law & prophets summarized • Golden rule (7: 12) & Great commandment (22: 40) Sermon on Mt. closes w/ “doing Jesus’ words” = wise (7: 24 -27) • Law & traditions of the elders • Traditions of the elders opposed when against Law (15: 1 -11) • • • Ritual purity laid aside? Unclean food allowed? (15: 11) Mercy not sacrifice (9: 13; 12: 7; cf. 5: 23 -24) “weightier & lesser matters” (23: 23)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Law & prophets • Radicalized, fulfilled & (partly) internalized – not abolished Challenges the condition of the heart (5: 8; 28; 6: 21; 11: 29; 12: 34; 13: 15, 19; 15: 18 -19; 18: 35; 22: 37; 23: 1 -4) • Priority on ethical and moral as opposed to ritual (9: 13; 23: 23) • Are the “least” commandments still valid? (5: 17 -19; cf. 23: 23) • “great and small” – Law as a whole • Hyperbolic – importance of authority • Salvation-historical aspect – fulfillment (see next slide)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • What is the timing of the fulfillment of Law & prophets? “until all is accomplished” • Starting point: Jesus’ birth (e. g. 1: 22 -23) – life & teaching (e. g. 8: 17) • Two scholarly views of the timing 1) Law & prophet valid as interpreted by Jesus until parousia • “until heaven and earth pass away” (5: 18; 24: 35) – eschatological perspt. Jesus’ radical reinterpretation of OT functions to the extent that it has not been fulfilled by Jesus Christ Righteousness reflects practical conduct of people whose hearts have been transformed by the presence of Jesus & the Kingdom Righteousness is God’s own righteousness that is to be sought

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW 2)Valid until Jesus’ death & resurrection (3: 17; 27: 52 -53; 28: 2 -6, 20; cf. 24: 34)* • From Israel to all nations (10: 5 -6; 28: 18 -20) • “teaching to obey…what I commanded” (28: 20) • E. g. baptism replaces circumcision as an initiation rite • Eschatological signs during death & resurrection (27: 52 -53; 28: 2 -6) • Darkness, earthquake, angel & resurrection Resurrection inaugurates the time of fulfillment – OT now fulfilled though final fulfillment of righteousness awaits Jesus’ second coming (cf. 5: 6) Gracious offer of the kingdom calls for response. This is demonstrated by practical conduct as evidence of transformed heart

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Kingdom righteousness & God’s initiative • • Kingdom comes from God & not yet fully present (6: 10) Presence of God in Jesus (1: 23; 18: 20; 28: 19) • God’s mercy & generosity • Kingdom is freely available to all – esp. to “sinners” (11: 19) • • • “I desire mercy, not sacrifice*” (9: 13; 12: 7) Intimately connected to the person of Jesus Rest and peace (11: 28 -30) Become like children (18: 1 -5; 19: 13 -15) Forgiving and forgiveness (6: 12; 18: 23 -35; 26: 28) Generosity and mercy (20: 1 -16) Kingdom righteousness brings about & requires a change of heart

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • People of God – Israel, Judaism & church • Kingdom & new age (10: 1 -16; 11: 13; 12: 41; 13: 17; 28: 18 -20) • Genealogy & fulfillment formula (Mt 1 -2) – Jesus as … • • • Embodiment of God’s people (2: 14 -15; Hos 11: 1; 4: 1 -11; cf. 12 disciples) Exclusive mission to Jews (10: 5 -6; cf. 15: 24) – and to “all nations” • • Son of David & Abraham – fulfillment of Israel’s scripture (11: 13*) Genealogy; Magi; Syro-Phoenician woman to “all nations” Jewish leaders – opposition to Jesus & kingdom (9: 34; 12: 1 -8) • • • “Kingdom taken away, given to others…” (21: 43; 20: 1 -16; 22: 1 -14)** “Sons of the kingdom…cast into utter darkness” (8: 10 -12; 11: 16 -24) Indictment on Pharisees (23)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • New people of God – Jesus & the 12 disciples • 12 disciples & eschatological judgment of Israel (10: 1 -4; 19: 28) • Disciples as “children of the kingdom” (13: 38) • Gk. ekklesia (only in Matthew) – community of God’s people • Established on Peter, confession, the 12 & ekklesia (16: 18; 18: 18) • Settling disputes & forgiveness (18: 15 -17, 21 -22, 23 -35) • Authority & “church” discipline (16: 17 -19, 18: 18 -20)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Who are the people of God per Matthew? • Israel lost exclusive status due to rejection of the kingdom • People attached to Messiah God’s people – Jews & [future] gentiles • Dispensational interpretation • Church as a digression in God’s plan – two peoples of God • Temporary rejection of Jews • Covenant interpretation • One people of God throughout salvation history • Church has replaced Israel

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Interpretative disputes and key passages • Key passages Matt 8: 11 -12; 21: 33 -46; 22: 1 -14; 19: 28; 23: 39 • Passages that explicitly point to “rejection” of Israel • 8: 11 -12; 21: 33 -46; 22: 1 -14 ἀρθήσεται ἀφ᾽ ὑμῶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ δοθήσεται ἔθνει* ποιοῦντι τοὺς καρποὺς αὐτῆς. (Matt 21: 43 – but v. 45 “speaking about them” [leaders]; cf. Ex 19: 6) • Passages that explicitly point to affirmation of future Israel • 19: 28; 23: 39 “shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel. ” What is the relationship between restored Israel and the ekklesia?

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Christology – Who is Jesus? • Center of Matthew’s theology – more explicit Christology • Son God, Son of Man, Christ/Messiah titles as per Mark • Matthew’s emphases & focus • Son of God (3: 17; 17: 5; 16: 16; 27: 54) • • Through HS at conception (1: 18, 20) Confession by disciples (14: 33; 16: 16; cf. Mk 15: 39) • Messiah/Son of David (1: 1, 16 -18, 20; 2: 4; 11: 2; 23: 10) • • Recognized by the marginalized (9: 27; 20: 30 -31; 15: 22; 21: 15) Rejected by leaders (23)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Father and Son (7: 21; 10: 32 -33; 11: 27; 12: 50; 15: 13; 16: 17; 18: 10, 19, 35; 20: 23; 25: 34; 26: 29, 39, 42; 53) Unique relationship w/ Father (esp. 11: 27) • Worship of Jesus (2: 2, 11; 8: 2; 9: 18; 15: 25; 20: 20) • Use of Gk. proskyneo [x 13]* 8: 2; 9: 18; esp. 14: 22 -33 (cf. Mk 6: 52); 28: 9, 17 • Exaltation & Trinitarian formula (28: 18 -19) • • Immanuel (1: 20 -22; 18: 20; 28: 18 -19) Close identification of Father & Son Holy Spirit included into God, yet distinct from Father & Son** Jesus’ birth; baptism; transfiguration; great commission

Three distinct mutually communicating persons THEOLOGY within Godhead – Basis for the doctrine of Trinity God identified as One God name and identity is OF MARK whose & MATTHEW distinct persons of Father, Son, Holy Spirit • Father and Son (7: 21; 10: 32 -33; 11: 27; 12: 50; 15: 13; 16: 17; 18: 10, 19, 35) – “no one knows the Son except the Father; nor does anyone know the Father except the Son” (11: 27) “All authority has been given to Me in heaven and on earth. 19 Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, 20 teaching them to observe all that I commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, even to the end of the age. ” [βαπτίζοντες…εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος] • Exclusive and mutual knowledge of the Father and the Son (11: 27) • Holy Spirit included into relational matrix of the Father and Son (3: 16) • Father, Son, Holy Spirit under one name – “in the name”, not “names” God is One, under One name yet distinct as Father, Son, HS

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Son of Man • • • Similar to Mark but more sayings Jesus’ rejection (8: 20; 11: 19; 12: 34; 20: 28) Jesus as the glorious Son of Man (26: 64) • • As Judge of the nations – Parable of the Sheep and Goats (25: 31) Coming & sitting on God’s throne (10: 23; 26: 64; 24: 27 -30) • Wisdom of God (11: 19, 28 -30; 12: 42) • Scribe of the Kingdom (13: 52) • “Greater” than Moses (1 -2; 5 -7); Solomon (12: 42); Temple (12: 6)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Parousia and Judgment • Emphasis on judgment • Special judgment vocabulary & sayings • Gehenna, eternal fire, judgment, outer darkness, gnashing of teeth (5: 22; 7: 19; 8: 12; 10: 28; 12: 36; 13: 40 -42; 18: 8; 22: 13; 23: 33; 25: 30, 41) • Parables that mention judgment • • Weeds (13: 24 -30) & Drag Net (13: 47 -50) • Wicked Tenants (21: 33 -46) etc. Unmerciful Servant (18: 23 -35); 10 Virgins (25: 1 -13); Sheep & Goats (25: 31 -46)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Judgment per Son of Man (25: 31 -46) – Righteous & Unrighteous • In light of the coming kingdom & accompanying fruit • • • Fruit of repentance (3: 7 -10) Doing the will of the Father (7: 15 -27) “Accidental” good and evil deeds to the “least” (25: 31 -46; cf. 10: 42) • Importance of vigilance (cf. 24: 48; 25: 5, 19) • • • Faithful slave waiting (24: 45 -51) Virgins prepared (25: 1 -13) Industrious servants expecting return (25: 14 -30)

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Parousia, destruction of the Temple, and the end • False Christs, wars, famines, persecutions (24: 4 -14) • Desecration of the Temple (24: 15) • Flight from the city (24: 16 -22) • Messianic pretenders (24: 23 -26) • Cosmic signs (24: 29 -30) • Only Father known the hour (24: 36) • As w/ Mark – which parts refer to the destruction of Jerusalem and which to the final coming of Jesus Call for vigilance

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW • Conclusion • Framework – overtly concerned with Jewish people • From exclusive Jewish mission to all nations • Main theme • Jesus’ announcement of the kingdom • Conduct that reflects the righteousness of God & Jesus • Focus on radical Torah obedience and love/compassion People of God (ekklesia) will practice radical righteousness and teach it to others as they wait for the glorious appearance of the Son of Man and the final consummation of the kingdom.

THEOLOGY OF MARK & MATTHEW Missio Dei in Matthew and Mark • What is God’s mission according to Matthew? • What does this reveal about God’s character? • How did Matt contextualize the Gospels to their audiences? • How does that inform us as we make Gospel relevant today? • How does Matt invite us to participate in God’s mission? • How does Matthew’s accounts challenge our Christian practice today? Discipleship, evangelism, outreach, love …