THE 511 NEW TESTAMENT THEOLOGY CLASS V THEOLOGY

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THE 511 NEW TESTAMENT THEOLOGY CLASS V: THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON

THE 511 NEW TESTAMENT THEOLOGY CLASS V: THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON 1. 1 Introduction to theology of Romans •

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON 1. 1 Introduction to theology of Romans • Epistle of Romans in history • • Augustine (AD 386) – Tolle, lege! (13: 13 -14) M. Luther (1515) & Rom 1: 17 J. Wesley (1738) – “my heart was strangely warmed” K. Barth (1919) – “Bombshell on theologians’ playground” • Theological issues in Romans • • • Justification by faith Presdestination and election Life in the Spirit & sanctification Israel and the people of God New perspective on Paul

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON 2. 1 Theology of Romans • Background &

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON 2. 1 Theology of Romans • Background & situation briefly • Written from Corinth/Cenchreae between AD 56 -58 • • • Prior to last visit to Jerusalem (16: 23; Acts 19: 29; 20: 4; 1 Cor 1: 14) Most complete presentation of Paul’s theology • • During 3 rd missionary journey (Acts 20: 2 -3) Not systematic theology – missing many important themes* Paul’s personal goals in writing • • • Relationship building with Roman church (1: 13; 15: 24) Clarification of his theology (cf. 3: 8; 6: 1) Travel plans - relief funds to Jerusalem (15: 25 -29)

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Paul’s pastoral goals • • • Harmony

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Paul’s pastoral goals • • • Harmony among the “strong” and the “weak” (14: 1 -23) Jew and gentile harmony Possible historical background for conflict • • Expulsion of Jews from Rome in AD 49 (Acts 18: 2) Disturbances over Chrestus (Suet. Life of Claud. 25) Leadership of house churches to gentiles Return of Jewish-Christians after death of Claudius • • Jewish-Christian gentile-Christian rift over Jewish heritage Place of Law and good works & Jewish persecution

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • The Gospel of God (1: 1 -6,

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • The Gospel of God (1: 1 -6, 16 -17) • Gospel about God (obj. gen. ) OR God’s own Gospel (sub. gen. ) • Gospel of His Son/Christ (1: 9; 15: 19) God’s Gospel about Christ Jesus • Also “my Gospel” (2: 16; 16: 25) God’s calling of Paul to apostolic ministry • Paul’s apostolic ministry & the gospel – worship/cultic language • • Worship (latreuo) by preaching the gospel (1: 9) Minister (leitourgon) in priestly service (hierourgounta) w/ offering (prosphora) sanctified by Spirit (15: 16)

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Gospel is… • • Not Paul’s own

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Gospel is… • • Not Paul’s own message but God’s (1: 1 -6) In continuity w/ Scripture and its fulfillment (1: 1 -6) • • Victorious & powerful to save & redeem (1: 4 -6, 16; 8: 31 -39) • • • Jesus as descendant of David, Son of God (1: 1 -6) Word, deed, power, sings & wonders, Holy Spirit & gospel (15: 19) First to Jews then to gentiles (1: 16; 9 -11) Reveals God’s righteousness (1: 16 -17) • Appropriated by faith – “from faith to faith” (1: 17)

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • God’s righteousness (1: 17) • • Righteousness

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • God’s righteousness (1: 17) • • Righteousness that God grants (obj. gen; cf. 2 Cor 5: 21; Phil 3: 9) OR God’s own righteousness (sub. gen. ; Rom 3: 5, 21 -22; 10: 3) • God’s righteousness/covenant faithfulness in light of human sin Manifested to humans as He acquits the guilty

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Human predicament – people in need of

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Human predicament – people in need of salvation • Righteousness of God revealed – wrath of God… (1: 17 -) • Wrath of God…from heaven – just & impartial response to sin • • • Refusal to acknowledge God (1: 18 -23; cf. Wisd 13: 1 -14: 31) Idolatry, downward spiral & consequences (1: 24 -32) Jews guilty despite having the Law (2: 3, 11, 13) • • Gentiles have “law in their heart” – also guilty (2: 13 -15) Judgment: eschatological & present predicament (2: 5, 16; 1: 18 -32) Sin reveals judgment & humans cannot free themselves

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Judgment based on “deeds” • • Payment

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Judgment based on “deeds” • • Payment “according to deeds” (2: 6 -11; cf. Matt 16: 27) “doers of the Law” justified (2: 13) Is Paul himself contradicting his later “law-free” gospel? (cf. 3: 23) • Towards solution(s) • Rhetorical & theological argument (1: 18 -3: 20) • • • “sweeps reader off their feet” & power of sin – powerlessness of Law Hypothetical situation – no-one fulfills all the Law Description of the humanity without Christ • What was formerly impossible is now possible through Christ and the Spirit “righteous requirements of Law might be fulfilled in us” (8: 4) Argument culminating in “no-one righteous…all under power of sin”

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • The Origin of Sin – Adam and

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • The Origin of Sin – Adam and Christ (5: 12 -21) • Adam’s sin – disobedience, condemnation, death One man, one sin, death’s dominion, and condemnation all • Christ’s gift – free gift, grace, justification, (eternal) life • The cosmic power of sin (7: 7 -22) – “Law is holy, just, good” (7: 12) • Inability to resist sin and be free (7: 14 -25) • • Who is speaking? • • • Law is spiritual (pneumatikos) – people carnal/fleshly (sarkinos) (7: 14) Paul – before his conversion Paul – his present experience Non-Christians in general Compare Rom 7: 14, 17 -18 – 6: 22, 2, 14, 13, 19 Humanity in Adam in general – “I” of everyone under the power of sin**

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Salvation & righteousness of God • The

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Salvation & righteousness of God • The “how” of redemption – apart from God: sin, death, wrath • Righteousness of God revealed…power of salvation (1: 17) God’s way of dealing with sin • • Humanity cannot save itself – salvation attested by Scripture (3: 21) God’s righteousness demonstrated through Christ’s death • God justifies freely (3: 24) – acquits the guilty because… • • Through redemption (3: 24 -25) – ransom from the power of sin Blood of Jesus covers/expiates (OR propitiates*) sin (3: 25) Christ as the (new) mercy seat (hilasterion) (cf. Lev 16: 14 -16)

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Before God “passed over” sin (Gk. dia

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Before God “passed over” sin (Gk. dia ten paresin*; 3: 25) • • • God “overlooked” the past sin OR God brought about forgiveness of sins committed in the past Apart from the “works of the Law” – the meaning • Good works and piety • • • Failure to do good works (3: 20; 3: 27; 4: 2) Election apart from good works (9: 11 -12) Jewish boundary markers (circumcision, diet, Sabbath, calendar) • • Circumcision (2: 25 -29; 3: 1, 30; 4: 9; 15: 8) Diet and calendar (Rom 14) Both ideas present in Romans

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • By faith…apart from the works of the

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • By faith…apart from the works of the Law • • Gospel-salvation appropriated by faith (1: 16; 3: 25; 10: 4, 9) “faith to faith” (1: 17) – from first to last (completely) Abraham’s trust in God’s promises (4: 17 -18) “obedience of faith” (1: 5) – apposition or genitive of origins? • • Obedience = faith (app. gen) Obedience that is derived from faith (gen. orig. ) Measure of faith given to each (12: 3, 6; 14: 1, 22 -23) Faith in/of Jesus Christ (pisteos Iesous)* effects justification (3: 25 -26) Matter of utter trust in God who justifies the ungodly (4: 5)

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Life of the redeemed and justified in

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Life of the redeemed and justified in the power of HS • From Adam, sin, and death to Christ, righteousness, and life • • • Peace and reconciliation with God (5: 1, 10) – not wrath & enmity Access to God and assurance (5: 2, 9 -10) Union w/ Christ’s death and resurrection – freedom from sin • • • Died w/ Christ, life in Christ (6: 8 -9) No longer under the Law but grace (6: 14) Death to the realm and power of sin in Christ, under grace – not in Adam or under the Law

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Freedom of the life in the Spirit

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Freedom of the life in the Spirit (8: 1 -30) • Realm of Christ and power of the Spirit – freedom from sin (8: 1 -2) • • • Realm of human weakness and sin (=flesh) overcome (8: 9) Righteous requirement of the Law fulfilled through the Spirit (8: 4) Assurance – to please God now & future resurrection (8: 9 -11) Spirit assures of sonship & inheritance (8: 15 -17) Spirit as the “first fruit” of the full glorification (8: 23, 29) Glorification of the justified (8: 29 -30) Does this mean God predestined some while not others?

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • God’s sovereignty in salvation • Bound by

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • God’s sovereignty in salvation • Bound by sin – destined to condemnation & death w/o Christ Faith in Christ saves and justifies sinners – Spirit set free • God’s foreknowledge, predestination, and salvation (8: 28 -30) • Foreknew…predestined…called…justified…glorified • • Augustinian-Calvinistic view --- divine predestination of the elect Arminian view --- salvation per divine foreknowledge of response Both view need to import foreign philosophical concepts

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • “Calvinistic exegesis” (e. g. T. Schreiner [2001,

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • “Calvinistic exegesis” (e. g. T. Schreiner [2001, 2008]) • Foreknew…predestined…called…justified…glorified • Chain of events inevitable reality for God’s & God’s people • • Nothing can break the chain – foreknown, predestined glorified Certainty of the future event expressed in the past aorist tense Sprit’s intercession and Christ’s love are “unbreakable” (8: 35 -37) God’s sovereignty & election “overrides” any human “willing” (9: 16) • • Jacob-Esau (promise-flesh; 9: 6 -14) God’s mercy and hardening (9: 15 -18) Potter and the clay (9: 19 -24) Israel and gentiles (9: 25 -33) Election and God’s sovereignty exalted and emphasized

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • “Arminian exegesis” (Marshall [2004] & Witherington [2006])

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • “Arminian exegesis” (Marshall [2004] & Witherington [2006]) • • • Death of Christ has universal scope (5: 18; 11: 32) God is free to do as pleases but God’s mercy not arbitrary (cf. 9: 15) Language of predestination and assurance • • God’s purpose to those who have come to faith – “pre-destiny” “elect” – those who are believers; not unbelievers to be selected (8: 33) God’s purpose of creating a people not to save some select individuals Foreknowledge does not mean predetermination (11: 2) • • • Potter-clay metaphor rhetorical question – God’s mercy cannot be explained Paul’s prayer for Israel & disappointment w/ obstinate people (10: 1, 21) Persistence in unbelief and danger of being “cut off” (11: 21 -23; 8: 12 -13) Mystery of divine election, predestination, and human response (cf. Jer 18)

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • God’s faithfulness toward Israel (Rom 9 -11)

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • God’s faithfulness toward Israel (Rom 9 -11) • • God’s faithfulness to Israel – who failed? True Israel based on promise & election not physical descent • • Abraham’s descendants: Isaac (Ishmael) – Jacob (Esau) (9: 7) God’s election based on His mercy not merit or lineage (9: 16) Is God unjust? God’s freedom in showing mercy (9: 16 -33) Did word of God fail since Israel rejected & gentiles believe? • • Israel heard the gospel and rejected (10: 3 -21) Has God rejected Israel then? (11: 1 -36) • • Olive tree into which gentiles are grafted (11: 17 -24) Remnant by grace (11: 2 -7) & “all Israel saved” (11: 26 -29) Israel’s future role is not clarified except “the gifts and the calling of God are irrevocable” (11: 29)

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Moral life of believers • Ethical dilemma

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Moral life of believers • Ethical dilemma of the Law-free gospel • • Relationship between indicative and imperative • • • What then? Should we sin because we are not under law but under grace (6: 15, 1; 3: 7 -8, 20; 5: 20) Indicative = what God has accomplished in Christ Imperative = believer’s duty to obey Moral life and obedience based on Christ’ death & life in the Spirit • • • Obedience required and made possible From Adam to Christ; flesh-Spirit; death/sin-life; Law-grace New life in Christ (6: 1 -23)

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • • Life in the Spirit (8: 1

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • • Life in the Spirit (8: 1 -30) Moral life as worship and spirituality • • “living sacrifice” “spiritual/logical worship” [logiken laterian] (12: 1 -2) Practicalities of the moral life – instructions and exhortations • ‘consider yourself dead to sin’ ‘Do not let sin exercise dominion’; ‘present yourselves to God’ (6: 1 -23) • Walk in Spirit ‘set your minds’, ‘Spirit gives life’ ‘leading’ ‘sonship’, Not flesh – ‘put to death’ ‘cannot submit’ ‘slavery’ ‘death’ (8: 10 -13) • • Law summarized in love (13: 8 -10) & fulfilled by the Spirit (8: 4) Communal worship – wellbeing of the body b/f individual & life in the society (12: 1 -15: 13) “already and not-yet” tension of the moral transformation (cf. 8: 18 -25)

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON 2. 2 Theology of Philippians • Background &

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON 2. 2 Theology of Philippians • Background & situation • • Written from Rome (or Caesarea/Ephesus) Paul in prison & church suffered persecution (1: 7, 13 -14, 17, 29) Strong personal tone and close friendship w/ congregation Partnership in the gospel and problem areas in Philippi • • • Prayers and financial support (1: 5, 19; 4: 10 -20) Disunity (4: 2 -9) Incipient Judaizing tendencies (3: 1 -4: 1)

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Paul’s life as a pattern for behavior

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Paul’s life as a pattern for behavior • • Philippians – imitate Christ & imitate Paul Imitation of Paul as a model in “heavenly citizenship” (1: 27 -30; 3: 20) • • Persecution (1: 12 -30); threat of Judaizers (3: 1 -2); circumstances (4: 1 -20) Prison and persecution “the same struggle that you saw I had…” (1: 30) • • • False preachers (1: 15 -17) Threat of death: “living is Christ” “death gain” (1: 21 -23) Imprisonment & the spread of the gospel (1: 12 -14, 18) Paradoxical nature of Christ’s suffering & Paul’s hardships

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Gains & losses for the gospel “join

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Gains & losses for the gospel “join me in imitating me” (3: 17) • False teachers: righteousness based on the Law (3: 1 -3) • • Paul’s example – righteousness from God – former gains as loss Seek to experience power of resurrection and share in suffering (3: 10) Expectation of glorious body and earthly life as heavenly citizen (3: 20 -1) Trying circumstances & disunity (4: 9) “Keep on doing…you…learned and received and heard and seen in me” • • Paul urges unity (4: 2 -9) Paul’s trying circumstances overcome by Christ (4: 10 -14) • “all things through Christ” (4: 10) How to live in difficult & changing circumstances through Christ

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Christology (2: 5 -11) • Structure of

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Christology (2: 5 -11) • Structure of Phil 2: 5 -11* • Self-emptying of Christ (2: 5 -8) • Attitude of Christ • • Self-emptying I • • In the form [morphe**] of God – equality w/ God not exploited Emptied himself [heauton ekenosen] – form of slave [morphe**] – in human likeness Self-emptying II • Humbled himself – obedient to death – death on the cross

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Structure of Phil 2: 5 -11* •

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Structure of Phil 2: 5 -11* • Exaltation of Jesus (2: 9 -11) • • Universal worship • • God exalted – name above other names Name Jesus – every knee shall bow in heaven, earth, under the earth Universal confession • Every tongue confess – Jesus as Lord [kyrios] – to glorify Father

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Jesus possessed equality w/ God (in very

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Jesus possessed equality w/ God (in very nature) from the very beginning – but did not take advantage/claim [harpagon] of that • Jesus self-emptied and took the very nature of human being – death on the cross – God exalted Jesus and restored the divine prerogatives to Jesus Fullness of human condition to serve others Status of universal lordship, the new dimension “Let your mind be that of Christ Jesus” (2: 5)* Attitude of Christ’s self-emptying as a pattern for the community

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON 2. 3 Theology of Philemon • Situation –

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON 2. 3 Theology of Philemon • Situation – app. 60 AD from Rome • • To Philemon – owner of slave Onessimus Onesimus had harmed Philemon and escaped (12, 17 -19) Meets Paul, believes in Christ (10) Paul appeals on his behalf (12 -17) • “receive him no longer as a slave…but as dear brother” (16) Radical reorientation of human relations in light of New Creation Theology of New Creation presupposed

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Paul

THEOLOGY OF ROMANS, PHILIPPIANS & PHILEMON • Paul