The 1960s Counterculture First hints of change n

The 1960’s Counterculture

First hints of change n n Rock and Roll music Beatnicks

Election of John Kennedy in 1960 symbolized a change in generations

n http: //www. history. com/topics/uspresidents/john-fkennedy/videos/inaugural-addressjohn-f-kennedy

The Counterculture n The Rise of the Counterculture • Politics rejected for a lifestyle of experimentation with music, sex and drugs • The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test- Tom Wolfe

Grassroots change n Often times in history people say great leaders move the country to change, but the reality of the 1960’s was that the youth of America forced the change.

Woodstock n n n 1969, upstate NY 450, 000 + attend Jimmie Hendrix’s Star Spangled Banner and Country Joe & the Fish’s “I Feel like I’m fixin’ to Die Rag” Star Spangled Banner I Feel like I’m fixin’ to Die

Changes the youth of the 1960’s help bring about: Civil Rights Environment End Poverty Women’s Rights Youth Culture Antiwar Protest Native American Rights Gay Rights

Environment n n n Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, 1962 expose on pesticides Earth Day, 1970 Enacted federal clean air and water laws

The Johnson Treatment NEXT

Democrats control Congress, can pass anything SECTION 3 NEXT

“War on Poverty” War on Poverty n n PBS Affirmative action Office of Economic Opportunity to oversee program Poverty greatly reduced, yet budget deficits, War on Vietnam ended the money and desire for the programs

Who was a better President, JFK or LBJ? JFK- The New Frontier LBJ- The Great Society 1. Peace Corps 2. Space Program 4. Passage of the 24 th amendment: No Poll Taxes to vote 5. Cold War *Berlin Wall built * Bay of Pigs Failure * Cuban Missile Crisis 6. Camelot: Great public persona and charisma, great control of the media - first lady, Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy and he were "American royalty. " 7. No real Civil Rights laws passed. 1. Greatest Civil Rights President *Civil Rights Act of 1964 - ended segregation *1965 Voting Rights Act- African Americans can vote 2. The War on Poverty • Economic Opportunity Act created the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) • Job Corps • VISTA - Volunteers in Service to America • 90 out of 115 recommendations approved in 1965 (arm twister) Appalachian Redevelopment Act • Welfare: Food Stamps & HUD • Environment & Immigration reform 3. Health Insurance: Medicare & Medicaid 4. Education: $ for schools, head start

Immigration Reform n n Immigration Act 1965, ended ethnic quota system favoring Europeans Allowed political refugees from Communist countries come to America, like Cuba and Vietnam Majority of new immigrants were from Latin America Rise of illegal immigrants

Latinos n n Encouraged to migrate to the US in the 50’s & 60’s to take low paying agricultural jobs, widely exploited Cesar Chavez and United Farm Workers Organization organize to gain collective bargaining, boycotts grapes brings national attention Federal mandate for bilingual education in schools In the 1970 s, La Raza Unida focused its efforts on electing Latinos to public office.

Asian Americans n n n Fastest growing ethnic minority in the 1980’s, mostly located in California, Hawaii, and New York Emphasis on education, well represented in universities, “model minorities” Call for curriculum in schools to recognize their heritage

Native Americans n n n 50’s Gov tried to push Indians off reservations, “termination, ” to integrate into mainstream America (AIM) American Indian Movement, 1968 Alcatraz Island, 1969 Wounded Knee, S. D. 1973 Trail of Broken Treaties march on Washington. Indian Self-Determination Act, 1975, more control over internal programs, education and law enforcement on reservations

Gay Liberation Movement n n 1969 police raid in NYC of Stonewall Inn, patrons fight back against the police Spark protests, the start off gay rights movement Gay activists urged homosexuals to be open about their identity Mid 1970’s homosexuality no longer classified as a mental disease

Feminism n n Betty Friedan’s , The Feminine Mystique, 1963, identifies the “problem with no name, ” gives birth to the Women’s Rights Movement Many suburban women were highly educated, yet only expected to live a mundane domestic life

Message: Women’s # 1 role is to raise children Example: Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care By Dr. Benjamin Spock

Growth of Suburbia

n n Changes Friedan founded NOW in 1966 to end sexism Miss America Pageant protest of 1968 the sexual objectification of women

Sexual Revolution • “the pill, ” oral contraceptive • Griswold v. Connecticut declared that people have a right to privacy and that it is legal to buy contraceptives • Roe v Wade, 1973 made abortion legal • Sex before marriage the norm n Title IX- gender equality in federal funding, i. e. college athletics n Language: Ms. Title used, Policeman Police Officer n Overall, overthrew the separate sphere model of society, women & men are now expected to fill the same roles in life

Work “Glass Ceiling” n n Women included in the Civil Rights Act 1964, prohibited discrimination in employment and compensation on the basis of gender Unequal pay, “glass ceiling” persistent women expected more to get educated and enter the workforce Women chose careers and family

ERA n NOW pushed for its passage

Gloria Steinem n n Founded Ms. Magazine Outspoken advocate for ERA

Gloria Steinem Quotes n n We've begun to raise daughters more like sons. . . but few have the courage to raise our sons more like our daughters. Someone asked me why women don't gamble as much as men do, and I gave the commonsensical reply that we don't have as much money. That was a true and incomplete answer. In fact, women's total instinct for gambling is satisfied by marriage. n n n I don't breed well in captivity. We can tell our values by looking at our checkbook stubs. The first problem for all of us, men and women, is not to learn, but to unlearn. The truth will set you free. But first, it will piss you off A woman reading Playboy feels a little like a Jew reading a Nazi manual.

Why did ERA fail?

Opposition n n “STOP ERA” organized by Phyllis Schlafly “Every change (from ERA) will deprive women of a right, benefit, or exemption that they now enjoy. ”

What will ERA lead to?

Gloria Steinem n Liberal (Radical? ) n For ERA n NOW n Pro Roe v. Wade decision n For Modern Womanhood, gender equality, men and women do the same things n Founder Ms. Magazine Phyllis Schlafly n Conservative n Against ERA n Stop ERA n Against abortion n For traditional ideas of womanhood, separate spheres, Cult of Domesticity

Acronyms and Groups n n n n n EPA ERA SALT NOW SCLC AIP AIM CORE SDS n n n NOI SNCC NAACP

Richard M. Nixon (1969 - 1974) 1. Had to deal with stagflation (stagnation + inflation), a situation where the economy slows, high unemployment and there is inflation, which produced difficult economic times. Hard economic times in the mid 1970’s, especially b/c of the Arab Oil Embargo and high energy prices 2. Oil prices jumped due to an Arab Oil Embargo in 1973. 3. Congress created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Rachel Carson writes Silent Spring that launches the environmental movement

The Watergate Affair -Nixon underlings caught breaking into the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate Hotel. Nixon refused to turn over tapes of the incident citing executive privileged. The Supreme Court ruled that had to turn them over. President Nixon forced to resign 5. SALT 1, Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, US & Soviets agree to limit production of nuclear weapons, all part of Détente, eased Cold War tensions

Détente

-Gerald R. Ford (1974 - 1977), Pardoned Nixon

Jimmy Carter (1977 -1981) Foreign Policy: 1. Placed an emphasis on Human Rights, Brokered the Camp David Accords bringing peace between Egypt and Israel. , arranged to give back the Panama Canal. 2. Hostages taken in Tehran. Iran by the Ayatollah Khomeini, an Islamic fundamentalist. Unable to secure their release.

Good Night!!!!!! !!!

From 1993 Describe THREE of the following and analyze the ways in which each of the three has affected the status of women in American society since 1940. • Changing economic conditions • The rebirth of an organized women’s movement • Advances in reproductive technology • The persistence of traditional definitions of women’s roles.

n Analyze the contributions of TWO of the following Presidents in the development of African American Civil Rights. • Harry Truman • Dwight Eisenhower • John Kennedy • Lyndon Johnson

n Analyze the contributions of TWO of the following leaders in the development of African American Civil Rights. • Martin Luther King Jr. • Malcolm X • Thurgood Marshall

n Analyze the contributions of TWO of the following Presidents in containing the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. • Dwight Eisenhower • John Kennedy • Lyndon Johnson • Richard Nixon

From 1998 n “ 1968 was a turning point for the United States. ” To what extent is this an accurate assessment? In your answer, discuss TWO of the following: • National politics • Vietnam War • Civil Rights

From 2006 n n While the United States appeared to be dominated by consensus and conformity in the 1950’s, some Americans reacted against the status quo. Analyze the critiques of United States society made by TWO of the following. n n n Youth Civil Rights Activists Intellectuals

From 1992 n In what ways did the Great Society resemble the New Deal in its origins, goals, and social and political legacy? • Cite specific programs and policies in support of your arguments.

From 1986 n n “Reform movements of the twentieth century have shown continuity in their goals and strategies. ” Assess the validity of this statement of ONE of the following pairs of reform movements. • Progressivism and the New Deal • Woman’s Suffrage and post-Second World War Feminism • The New Deal and the Great Society

From 1985 n What accounted for the growth between 1940 and 1965 of popular and governmental concern for the position of Blacks in American society?

From 2002 n How did the African American Civil Rights movement of the 1950’s and 1960’s address the failures of Reconstruction?

From 1982 n Compare the goals and strategies of Black reform movements in the period 1890 -1910 to the goals and strategies of Black reform movements in the period 19501970.

2007 n “Landslide presidential victories do not ensure continued political effectiveness or legislative success. ” • Asses the validity of this statement by comparing TWO of the following presidential administrations Franklin Roosevelt, 1936 n Lyndon Johnson, 1964 n Richard Nixon, 1972 n Ronald Reagan, 1984 n

From 1989 n n “Vice Presidents who have succeeded to the presidency on the death of the President have been less effective in their conduct of domestic AND foreign policy than the men they replaced. ” Assess the validity of this statement for any TWO of the following pairs. • • • William Mc. Kinley and Theodore Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson

Who was a better President, JFK or LBJ? JFK- The New Frontier 1. Peace Corps 2. Space Program 4. Passage of the 24 th amendment: No Poll Taxes to vote 5. Cold War *Berlin Wall built * Bay of Pigs Failure * Cuban Missile Crisis 6. Camelot: Great public persona and charisma, great control of the media - first lady, Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy and he were "American royalty. " 7. No real Civil Rights laws passed. LBJ- The Great Society 1. Greatest Civil Rights President *Civil Rights Act of 1964 - ended segregation *1965 Voting Rights Act- African Americans can vote 2. The War on Poverty • Economic Opportunity Act created the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) • Job Corps • VISTA - Volunteers in Service to America • 90 out of 115 recommendations approved in 1965 (arm twister) Appalachian Redevelopment Act • Welfare: Food Stamps & HUD • Environment & Immigration reform 3. Health Insurance: Medicare & Medicaid 4. Education: $ for schools, head start

Memes

n Evaluate the success of the United States policy of containment in Southeast Asia from 1945 -1980.

Containment n Containment • George Kennan • Box in, stop the spread of Communism, not liberate and conquer it n Red China, 1949 • Mao Zedong vs. Chiang Kai Shek Civil War • Taiwan • “Truman Lost China” • Korea an off shoot of this conflict (Not in SE Asia)

Vietnam n n n 1954 -1973 US, ends in 1975 Eisenhower • Domino Theory, supported Diem JFK • Military Advisors, let Diem be assassinated LBJ • Tonkin Gulf Resolution, Escalation Nixon • Peace with Honor, Vietnamization, expanded war into Cambodia & Laos, Kissinger negotiated withdraw, Nixon Doctrine, Détente Body Count • 58, 000 US Deaths vs. 2 million Vietnamese

Success or Not n n n China, South Vietnam, Cambodia, & Laos fell, massacres Did not fall in Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, India, Bangladesh, Singapore, Burma, Philippines • Did US intervention save these places? South Vietnam did not fall until US left Nixon Doctrine & Détente US won the Cold War in 1989

n Explain how TWO of the following groups contributed to the social revolution of the 1960’s and 1970’s: • The organized Women’s movement • The counterculture • The Black Civil Rights Organizations

Civil Rights Organizations Black n SNCC n CORE n SCLC n NAACP n Black Panthers n NOI Others n AIM n NOW n United Farm Workers

The counterculture n n n Hippies Descend from Beats Anti-War Woodstock Music • • • Dylan Lennon Joan Boaz CCR Buffalo Springfield n n n Sex, drugs, and rock n roll Compare to suburban, conformist 50’s War Protests: Jackson St, Kent St. , Moratorium March,

Women n n n n Equal Gender Roles ERA Roe v. Wade Sexist Language The Pill Bra Burning Education Glass Ceiling Sex before marriage

From 2000 n Discuss, with respect to TWO of the following, the view that the 1960’s represented a period of profound cultural change. • Education • Gender roles • Music • Race relations

From 1991 n n Although the 1960’s are usually considered the decade of greatest achievement for Black civil rights, the 1940’s and 1950’s were periods of equally important gains. Assess the validity of this statement.

n Analyze the ways that TWO of the following reformed United States society during the 1960’s: • Great Society Legislation • The Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965 • Warren Court decisions

• Great Society legislation n HUD, Medicare, Medicaid, Head Start, PBS, National Endowment for the Humanities, Dept of Transportation, New Immigration policy, Increase in school funding across the board • Civil Rights legislation n Civil Rights Act 1964 ended Segregation and Voting Rights Act 1965 ended literacy tests • Warren Court decisions Brown ended school seg. n Gideon v Wainwright poor get an attorney n Miranda- rights upon being arrested n Baker v. Carr- one man, one vote n Engel v. Vitale- made public school prayer illegal n Griswold v. Conn. - right to privacy & buy birth control (used later for Roe v Wade case) n

From 2002 n How did the African American Civil Rights movement of the 1950’s and 1960’s address the failures of Reconstruction?

n n Economically • Reconstruction: left landless, forced to be sharecroppers, no 40 Acres and a Mule n Great Society tries to help end poverty, $ for education, head start, PBS, VISTA… Politically • Voting, 15 th Amendment not followed, literacy tests, poll taxes n Fixed by Freedom Summer, Selma March, & Voting Rights Act 1965 & 24 th Amendment • Not given full Citizenship rights, 14 th amendment, civil rights act of 1875 banned segregation in transportation, yet Jim Crow Segregation developed n n n Fix Civil Rights Act of 1964 fixed, ended legal de jure segregation in public facilities, EOC will enforce SNCC Woolworth Sit-ins, CORE Freedom rides, Birmingham Children’s March, March on DC all helped

Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable. --John F. Kennedy

n n “I’ve missed more than 9, 000 shots in my career. I’ve lost almost 300 games. Twenty six times, I’ve been trusted to take the game winning shot and missed. I’ve failed over and over again in my life and that is why I succeed. -Michael Jordan