The 1950 s The Cold War Heats Up

The 1950 s: The Cold War Heats Up

Defensive Alliances N. A. T. O. —North Atlantic Treaty Organization Three purposes: deterring Soviet expansionism, forbidding the revival of nationalist militarism in Europe through a strong North American presence on the continent, and encouraging European political integration. The North Atlantic Treaty was signed on April 4, 1949. In the Treaty’s renowned Article 5, the new Allies agreed “an armed attack against one or more of them… shall be considered an attack against them all” and that following such an attack, each Ally would take “such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force” in response. http: //www. nato. int/history/nato-history. html

Defensive Alliances N. A. T. O. —North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO. int Dean Acheson

Defensive Alliances Warsaw Pact Signed on May 14, 1955 Why? West Germany joined NATO on May 5, 1955, the Soviet Union declared that West Germany's membership in the Western alliance created a special threat to Soviet interests. The Soviet Union also declared that this development made its existing network of bilateral treaties an inadequate security guarantee and forced the East European socialist countries to "combine efforts in a strong political and military alliance. "

Defensive Alliances Warsaw Pact Signed on May 14, 1955 Purpose The formation of a legally defined, multilateral alliance organization also reinforced the Soviet Union's claim to power status as the leader of the world socialist system, enhanced its prestige, and legitimized its presence and influence in Eastern Europe. http: //www. shsu. edu/~his_ncp/War. Pact. html

Defensive Alliances NATO and Warsaw Pact Nations 1 -33 rdar. org

Vietnam War French Phase (1946 -1954) France tries to regain Indo-China after world War II. Indo-China (Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos) Opposition Nguyen That Thanh (Ho Chi Minh meaning Bringer of Light) and the Viet Minh, they were a communist dominated independence movement to fight the Japanese who invaded Vietnam.

Vietnam War French Phase (1946 -1954) The Viet Minh announced the independence of Vietnam in 1946. The French refused to relinquish control until 1954 they agreed to peace talks in Geneva.

Korean War Previous Conditions Sino-Japanese War 1894 -1895 Japan remains in Korea Russo-Japanese War 1904 -1905 Japan defeats Russia, annex Korea in 1910 Post World War II Russia occupies Korea August 10, 1945 Kim i. L Sung invades South Korea on June 25, 1950 and calls for the “heroic struggle” to reunite Korea.

Korean War *Pyongyang Kim Il Sung Communist North Korea -----------------------------------38 South Korea *Seoul Syngman Rhee Non-Communist

Korean War Korea Personal. psu. edu

Korean War Kim IL Sung Mtholyoke. edu Sygman Rhee Countrystudies. us

Korean War Result Korean war ends in July 1953 as a stalemate.

Guatemala Ceur. usas. edu. gt June 4, 1950 Jacobo Arbenz (1913 -1971) --elected president of Guatemala in 1950. --He was instituting socio economic reforms

Guatemala C. I. A. ’s Perspective They believed that Guatemala had an “intensely nationalistic program of progress colored by antiforeign inferiority complex of the Banana Republic. ” Why overthrow? Arbenz expropriated 234, 000 acres of land owned by United Fruit offering compensation that United Fruit called unacceptable.

Guatemala Carlos Castillo Armas The C. I. A. offers to overthrow the Guatemalan government in collaboration with Nicaraguan dictator Anastacio Somoza and disgruntled general Carlos Castillo Armas Sellosmundo. com

Guatemala Operation PB Fortune --Authorized by President Truman as early as 1952 Operation PB Success --Authorized by President Eisenhower in August 1953. --They utilized $2. 7 million for “psychological warfare and political action”

Guatemala Result --Arbenz resigns on June 27, 1954. --Prior to this the option of assassination was still being considered. --After the C. I. A. installs Castillo Armas in power, hundreds of Guatemalans are rounded up and killed. --Armas gave the land back to United Fruit and abolished the tax on interest and dividends to foreign investors and eliminated the secret ballot.

United Fruit Retroadverto. wordpress. com Jon. Williamson. com

Guatemala http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=rb 7 Xa. F 1 rs 1 E Chiquita Banana Song https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=RFDOI 24 RRAE

Guatemala Central America U. S. Influences Cla. calpoly. edu

Suez Canal Aswan High Dam Built for hydro-electric power Flood control and Irrigation of crops Constructed from 1960 -1970 CIA. gov

Suez Canal Pre-Construction Loans U. S. $56 billion Britain $14 billion World Bank $200 million July 19, 1956—The U. S. withdraws their loan offer. Why? Egypt recognizes communist China

Suez Canal July 26, 1956 President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalizes the Suez canal Nasser waving to a crowd on August 1, 1956 after nationalizing the Suez canal Marxist. org

Suez Canal Perspectives United Kingdom Prime Minister Anthony Eden views the canal as a theft. United States Secretary of State Dulles states Nasser should have to disgorge it. U. S. S. R. Supported by the Egyptians

Suez Canal Anthony Eden and John Foster Dulles CIA. gov

Suez Canal Tripartite Invasion The invasion of Egypt by Britain, France and Israel October 28, 1956 --The plan called for an attack across the Sinai Desert from Israel would not attack unless Britain and France would destroy the Egyptian air force. --Egyptians put up a fierce resistance. Ships were sunk in the canal to prevent transit.

Suez Canal Tripartite Invasion U. S. S. R. Threatened rocket attacks in Britain and France if they did not withdraw. U. S. Unaware their allies were going to invade Egypt, put pressure on them to withdraw.

Suez Canal Tripartite Invasion Result November 6, 1956—British agree to withdraw December 22, 1956—final evacuation takes place

Suez Canal http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=id. GKDBu 5 h. AU

Suez Canal from the CIA https: //www. cia. gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csistudies/vol 51 no 2/the-art-of-strategic-counterintelligence. html

Space Race NASA 50 th Anniversary of the Space Age https: //www. nasa. gov/connect/ebooks/hist_nasa 50_detail. html https: //history. nasa. gov/sputnik/