TextFree User Interfaces Presenter Anuj Tewari Course CS

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Text-Free User Interfaces Presenter: Anuj Tewari Course: CS 260 Instructor: John Canny Based on

Text-Free User Interfaces Presenter: Anuj Tewari Course: CS 260 Instructor: John Canny Based on work by Indrani Medhi

Outline: Text-Free User Interfaces Introduction Initial ethnography and iterative rapid prototyping Initial evaluation Optimal

Outline: Text-Free User Interfaces Introduction Initial ethnography and iterative rapid prototyping Initial evaluation Optimal audio-visual representation Methodology Discussion

Outline: Text-Free User Interfaces Introduction Initial ethnography and iterative rapid prototyping Initial evaluation Optimal

Outline: Text-Free User Interfaces Introduction Initial ethnography and iterative rapid prototyping Initial evaluation Optimal audio-visual representation Methodology Discussion

Illiteracy 1 -2 billion illiterate population in the world. 98% live in developing countries.

Illiteracy 1 -2 billion illiterate population in the world. 98% live in developing countries. India’s rate of literacy estimated at ~60%. Photo: Indrani Medhi Two residents of a slum in Jayanagar, Bangalore Many labeled “literate” are semi-literate with low functional literacy.

Target Users Women from Bangalore slums Informal sector domestic workers Income range: INR 800

Target Users Women from Bangalore slums Informal sector domestic workers Income range: INR 800 -2500 (US$20 -60) per month Illiterate or semi-literate Most have never seen a PC (those who have seen have never touched) Photo: Indrani Medhi initial explorations before text-free UI work

NGO Partner Stree Jagruti Samiti Head: Geeta Menon Small NGO Works with several Bangalore

NGO Partner Stree Jagruti Samiti Head: Geeta Menon Small NGO Works with several Bangalore slums Focus on children’s rights, women’s empowerment, fair wages for domestic laborers Photo: Indrani Medhi Geeta Menon leading a Saturday Stree Jagruti Samiti meeting

The Problem How can an application UI be converted into one that is usable

The Problem How can an application UI be converted into one that is usable by non-literate users?

Outline: Text-Free User Interfaces Introduction Initial ethnography and iterative rapid prototyping Initial evaluation Optimal

Outline: Text-Free User Interfaces Introduction Initial ethnography and iterative rapid prototyping Initial evaluation Optimal audio-visual representation Methodology Discussion

Initial Ethnography TVs, radios, CD players common; some mobile phones; no PCs Established slums

Initial Ethnography TVs, radios, CD players common; some mobile phones; no PCs Established slums – some with 30 -year history in city; concrete housing Subjects most concerned about… Photo: Indrani Medhi Nimmi interviewing a subject Jobs Healthcare Education

Text-Free UI? Design principles: Pen or touch interface Liberal use of imagery ○ No

Text-Free UI? Design principles: Pen or touch interface Liberal use of imagery ○ No text ○ Semi-abstracted cartoons Voice annotation Aggressive use of mouse- over functionality Naukri. com for domestic labourers? Consistent help icon

Text-Free UI Details Nouns vs. Verbs Goal is to achieve exact association between image

Text-Free UI Details Nouns vs. Verbs Goal is to achieve exact association between image and word. Without action cues drawings tend to be interpreted as nouns. “Kitchen sink” or “washing dishes”? With action cues, drawings tend to be interpreted as verbs. Phenomenon well-understood by cartoonists and diagram designers. “Pot” or “cooking”?

Text-Free UI Details Cultural Differences Goal is to achieve as global a representation as

Text-Free UI Details Cultural Differences Goal is to achieve as global a representation as possible. Abstracted representations are very dependent on culture. Minor misrepresentations can result in major confusion. An urban family of three?

Text-Free UI Details Religious Differences Goal is still to achieve as global a representation

Text-Free UI Details Religious Differences Goal is still to achieve as global a representation as possible. From when to when? Religious differences can be the strongest of cultural differences. There is no “neutral” culture or religion. Increasingly general representations for time indication

Text-Free UI Details Quirks of Non-Literacy Various degrees of literacy Total illiteracy Numbers, but

Text-Free UI Details Quirks of Non-Literacy Various degrees of literacy Total illiteracy Numbers, but not alphabets Alphabets, but not words Words, but not sentences Semi-literate, but not fluent Many who are non-literate can read numbers Accustomed to currency Able to do basic arithmetic Not necessarily 100% accurate Illiteracy doesn’t necessarily mean inability to read numbers.

Text-Free UI? Original design Revised design

Text-Free UI? Original design Revised design

Text-Free UI Design principles: – Pen or touch interface – Liberal use of imagery

Text-Free UI Design principles: – Pen or touch interface – Liberal use of imagery • No text (but numbers OK) • Semi-abstracted cartoons – Aggressive use of mouseover functionality – Voice feedback – Consistent help icon Screenshot of text-free job search

Other Domains Principles transfer to other applications: Text-free maps Text-free healthcare information

Other Domains Principles transfer to other applications: Text-free maps Text-free healthcare information

Outline: Text-Free User Interfaces Introduction Initial ethnography and iterative rapid prototyping Initial evaluation Optimal

Outline: Text-Free User Interfaces Introduction Initial ethnography and iterative rapid prototyping Initial evaluation Optimal audio-visual representation Methodology Discussion

Initial Evaluation Questions 1. Can non-literate users use traditional textbased user interfaces at all?

Initial Evaluation Questions 1. Can non-literate users use traditional textbased user interfaces at all? 2. Do the proposed design principles for textfree user interfaces allow non-literate users to use computers, and to what extent? 3. Which of the design principles make the most difference for a text-free UI?

Initial Evaluation Experimental Set-Up Three versions: Text-based Text-free without help icon Text-free with help

Initial Evaluation Experimental Set-Up Three versions: Text-based Text-free without help icon Text-free with help icon Subjects: Illiterate or semi-literate ○ (no literate subjects) No PC experience Subject grouping: Five-women group x 2 Individual x 4 Total time up to one hour per session Task: For a friend who is unemployed, find the bestpaying job in her neighborhood. Measured: Task completion (yes/no) Time required (second) Number of prompts required (n) All comments recorded; some trials video-recorded.

Initial Evaluation Quantitative Results Text-based UIs were completely unusable. Obvious, but first formal such

Initial Evaluation Quantitative Results Text-based UIs were completely unusable. Obvious, but first formal such test in literature With text-free UI, 30% were able to complete task. (However, not enough participants for statistical significance. ) Tabulation of initial results

Initial Evaluation Qualitative Results Strong preference for text-free principles, in particular… Voice annotation Help

Initial Evaluation Qualitative Results Strong preference for text-free principles, in particular… Voice annotation Help icon Collaborative use more successful Subjects eager to engage, once comfortable with set up Various barriers to technology: fear, lack of awareness, lack of cognitive model Indrani and a subject during initial evaluation

Initial Evaluation Questions 1. Can non-literate users use traditional textbased user interfaces at all?

Initial Evaluation Questions 1. Can non-literate users use traditional textbased user interfaces at all? 2. Do the proposed design principles for textfree user interfaces allow non-literate users to use computers, and to what extent? 3. Which of the design principles make the most difference for a text-free UI? NO Yes, but only partially; more work required Hypothesis: - Voice feedback - Imagery - Help

Outline: Text-Free User Interfaces Introduction Initial ethnography and iterative rapid prototyping Initial evaluation Optimal

Outline: Text-Free User Interfaces Introduction Initial ethnography and iterative rapid prototyping Initial evaluation Optimal audio-visual representation Methodology Discussion

From initial round of research… Text-Free UI Design principles: – Pen or touch interface

From initial round of research… Text-Free UI Design principles: – Pen or touch interface – Liberal use of imagery • No text (but numbers OK) • Semi-abstracted cartoons – Voice feedback – Aggressive use of mouseover functionality – Consistent help icon Screenshot of text-free job search

Goal of Study Determine what types of icon representations are best for UIs for

Goal of Study Determine what types of icon representations are best for UIs for non-literate users. Audio: ○ With voice annotation ○ Without voice annotation Visual: ○ Photorealistic video ○ Hand-drawn animation ○ Photograph ○ Hand-drawn image ○ Text

Domain of Testing Desired characteristics of domain: Admits to visual representations, Consists of information

Domain of Testing Desired characteristics of domain: Admits to visual representations, Consists of information which subjects are not exposed to on a daily basis, Has universally recognized meaning, Offers a range of cognitive complexity, Offers a range of visual complexity, and Can be applied to a practical purpose. Healthcare / medical imagery 13 medical symptoms: multimodal in nature, involving elements of color, temperature, and some requiring motion spanning

Creation of Representations Ensure consistency across representations… Video Photograph Animation Drawing

Creation of Representations Ensure consistency across representations… Video Photograph Animation Drawing

Tested Representations Video Photograph Animation Drawing Text Each with and without voice annotation (total

Tested Representations Video Photograph Animation Drawing Text Each with and without voice annotation (total 10 representations), for 13 medical symptoms

Experimental Set-Up Representations: One of 10 types Evenly distributed among subjects All 13 symptoms

Experimental Set-Up Representations: One of 10 types Evenly distributed among subjects All 13 symptoms per subject Subjects: Illiterate or semi-literate ○ (no literate subjects) No PC experience Size: Individual; n = 200 20 for each representation Total time up to one hour per session Threefold task: Speak phrase that first comes to mind when shown a representation. Explain symptom representation is intended to convey Enact or depict the intended symptom (as explained by tester), for analysis Measured: Accuracy (correct, close, wrong) Response time (seconds) All comments recorded

Quantitative Results Voice annotation critical, with dominant effect • 30% quicker response time with

Quantitative Results Voice annotation critical, with dominant effect • 30% quicker response time with audio Among cases with audio, handdrawn representations (both animation and static imagery) most accurately recognized • But, effect not dramatic Among cases without audio, animation most accurately identified • 23% more accurate than static drawing Number of accurate responses (out of 20) for various representations

Qualitative Results Test / text anxiety of subjects Subjects uncomfortable with test-like environment of

Qualitative Results Test / text anxiety of subjects Subjects uncomfortable with test-like environment of studies Short-term category conditioning Priming for “aches” over other types of symptoms when they appeared in sequence Richer information is not necessarily better understood overall Photorealism contains clutter; associated with actual instance Unrelated Context-laying activity changes value of static versus dynamic imagery Socio-economic conditions correlated with cognition Those with less formal education had difficulty processing visuals and audio at the same time; confused by multi-modal interface

Outline: Text-Free User Interfaces Introduction Initial ethnography and iterative rapid prototyping Initial evaluation Optimal

Outline: Text-Free User Interfaces Introduction Initial ethnography and iterative rapid prototyping Initial evaluation Optimal audio-visual representation Methodology Discussion

Methodology Initial Ethnography Open-ended interviews Various combinations: focus groups and individuals Topic: everything and

Methodology Initial Ethnography Open-ended interviews Various combinations: focus groups and individuals Topic: everything and anything Follow leads around hardships Structured interviews Focus on themes from open-ended interviews Prepare questions Be willing to deviate Photo: Indrani Medhi An open-ended interview in a subject’s home Goal: Information, intuition, rapport Time and attention critical!

Methodology Iterative Prototyping Build initial prototype, based on intuition from interviews. Iterate prototype and

Methodology Iterative Prototyping Build initial prototype, based on intuition from interviews. Iterate prototype and test. Maintain informality Work with small groups ○ 2 -4 people Prompt whenever necessary Record every comment ○ Video-record, if possible (but, high procedural overhead) Listen to every comment Photo: Indrani Medhi Modify prototype Testing a prototype Refine until steady state.

Methodology Participative Design Modify standard methods for non-literate partners. Encourage storytelling. Photo: Indrani Medhi

Methodology Participative Design Modify standard methods for non-literate partners. Encourage storytelling. Photo: Indrani Medhi Use aids that can be physically manipulated. Eliciting descriptions of medical symptoms with physical design aids Be prepared for long, counseling-like sessions. Subject enacting medical symptoms

Methodology Formal Evaluation Base on techniques from courses, textbooks Plan according to standard practices

Methodology Formal Evaluation Base on techniques from courses, textbooks Plan according to standard practices Avoid direct counterfactuals Place task in a story Use friend or neighbor as protagonist, but not subject Chavan’s “Bollywood method” Be flexible on… Location (avoid labs) Formal instructions Etc. Video: Archana Prasad

Text-Free UI History Practical Systems UI Research Online site Initial principles Optimal AV representation

Text-Free UI History Practical Systems UI Research Online site Initial principles Optimal AV representation Full-context video Other Research Key: Completed Text-Free healthcare information Ongoing Future UI authoring tool (babajob. com) Text-Free UI for mobiles Semiautomated cartooning Psychology of non-literate users

Discussion questions Is it possible to replicate the same study on a mobile? How

Discussion questions Is it possible to replicate the same study on a mobile? How would the process/guidelines for design be different? What might be some other areas where text-free UI could have potential? How? What are some of the best tricks to eliminate designer biases from the design process?