Text is the basic building block of print

Text is the basic building block of print production Typographer = person who design type and designs with type Compositor = someone who sets type

Scripts

Scripts

Hot Metal Setting The first in the Western world, invented by Johannes Gutenberg, closely imitated the writing of scribes. He created a set of over 300 characters In printing and typography, hot metal typesetting (also called mechanical typesetting, hot lead typesetting, hot metal, and hot type) refers to technologies for typesetting text in letterpress printing. This method injects molten type metal into a mold that has the shape of one or more glyphs. The resulting sorts and slugs are later used to press ink onto paper. The lead hardens sufficiently to print repeatedly with acceptable levels of wear. Type for letterpress was always designed “the wrong way around” in mirror image. IN letterpress the fact that characters are carved into steel had strong influence on type design. Moveable type – making a book with moveable type

Gutenberg’s font over 300 characters to imitate the writing of the scribes

The language of type

The language of type • Font - complete set in one size of all the letters of the alphabet, complete with associated ligatures, numerals, punctuation marks and other symbols

The language of type • Font • Typeface or face - the design of the alphabet and its associated marks. Every typeface has a name

The language of type • Font • Typeface or face • Alphanumeric character set – letters of the alphabet, the numerals and all the associated marks and symbols collectively. – Individually they are known as Sorts

COMPLETE SET OF SORTS WILL ALSO INCLUDE • Alternative letters, for the end of lines for examples and ornamental or swash capitals • Dipthongs such as ae or oe • Ligatures such a fi and fl • Accented letters or floating – accents for setting foreign languages, such as a (grave), e (acute), o (circumflex) • Lining and Non lining numbers – lining up on baseline or not • Punctuation marks • Reference marks * • Fractions and mathematical signs -+=

Measuring Type • Point

Measuring Type • Point – There are 72 points to the inch. A Pica is 12 points and so measures 1/6 inch. Type is generally measured in points. – Points refers back to metal letterpress type.

Measuring Type • Point – There are 72 points to the inch. A Pica is 12 points and so measures 1/6 inch. Type is generally measured in points. – Points refers back to metal letterpress type. • Descenders – j, q, p • Ascenders – l, k, h

Measuring Type • Point • Width and Spacing • The width of a letter is called the set. • Some letters are naturally wider than others i and m so typesetting the body is divided into units. • The space around type is often as important as the letterform itself • Side bearings • Font metrics

Measuring Type • Point • Width and Spacing • Em and En This is the width of capital M This is the width of capital N Not an absolute measurement

Measuring Type • Point • Width and Spacing • Em and en • Kerning Space between single letters

Measuring Type • • Point Width and Spacing Em and en Kerning • Tracking Space between words

Measuring Type • • • Point Width and Spacing Em and en Kerning Leading Space between lines of text

Measuring Type • • • Point Width and Spacing Em and en Kerning Leading • Justification and Hyphenation Left aligned or ragged right, flush left or ranged left Right aligned – ranged right or ragged left Justified or Centered

Measuring Type • • • Point Width and Spacing Em and en Kerning Leading Justification and Hyphenation • Widows and Orphans

Measuring Type • Widows and Orphans

TEXT • • Copy preparation Style sheet or type specification Manuscript Proofing Hard copy Casting off and copy fitting House Style

Choosing Type Faces Each typeface can convey different things and are chosen in accordance for audience or practicality.

Choosing Type Faces Each typeface can convey different things and are chosen in accordance for audience or practicality. Serif marks or flourishes around the extremities of letters, on the baseline and at the top. They help make type more readable. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz – garamond abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz - baskerville

Choosing Type Faces Each typeface can convey different things and are chosen in accordance for audience or practicality. Sans Serif no flourishes or serifs. Did not become popular until the early 1900’s. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz – helvetica abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz – avenir book

Choosing Type Faces Each typeface can convey different things and are chosen in accordance for audience or practicality. • Earmarks • Legibility • Readability

READABI is a function of how t y p e f a. LITY ces are used. It’s about how inviting your type is to read and about getting the viewer to want to read it. Legibility • Legibility is mostly a function of typeface design. • It’s a measure of how easy it is to recognize one letter or word from another and how easy blocks of text are to read.

Readability easy it is to read Is how words, phrases, blocks of copy such as a book, a web page or an article. The way in which words and blocks of type arranged on a page. Also may mean "easy, interesting and enjoyable to read Readability is about typography .

Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type.

Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type. • Hand writing and Calligraphy

Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type. • Hand writing and Calligraphy • Strike-on or cold-metal – Typesetting produced directly on to paper using a typewriter or rub-down lettering. • cutting and pasting of existing type • rub-down dry-transfer lettering • Strike on Setting the marks made at the time of setting

Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type. • Hand writing and Calligraphy • Strike-on or cold-metal – Typesetting produced directly on to paper using a typewriter or rub-down lettering. • cutting and pasting of existing type • rub-down dry-transfer lettering • Strike on Setting the marks made at the time of setting Advantages Quick Direct setting by relatively unskilled setter Inexpensive

Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type. • Hand writing and Calligraphy • Strike-on or cold-metal – Typesetting produced directly on to paper using a typewriter or rubdown lettering. • cutting and pasting of existing type • rub-down dry-transfer lettering • Strike on Setting the marks made at the time of setting Advantages Quick Direct setting by relatively unskilled setter Inexpensive Disadvantages Poor selection of type faces Crude intercharacter spacing Justified setting difficult Low quality

Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type. • • Hand writing and Calligraphy Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter • Hot Metal Setting – handsetting is still used whenever beautiful typography is demanded for some high quality publications and limited edition poetry books.

Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type. • • Hand writing and Calligraphy Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter • Hot Metal Setting – handsetting is still used whenever beautiful typography is demanded for some high quality publications and limited edition poetry books. • Linotype • Monotype

Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type. • • Hand writing and Calligraphy Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter • Hot Metal Setting Advantages – – quality Uses original type designs. Can be quick to set up for small jobs like business cards. Nowadays mainly reserved for short-run prestigious invitations, overprinting diplomas and for private press editions of poetry books

Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type. • • Hand writing and Calligraphy Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter • Hot Metal Setting Disadvantage • • • labor intensive and costly. Must hold large inventory of metal type. Can run out of sorts I the middle of a job. Machine setting is noisy and highly skilled. Metal type is inflexible, does not enlarge well and cannot be set close. Limited availability

Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type. • • • Hand writing and Calligraphy Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter Hot Metal Setting • Phototypesetting or Photosetting

Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type. • • • Hand writing and Calligraphy Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter Hot Metal Setting • Phototypesetting or Photosetting • • Became popular in the 1960’s 2 part process Compositor generated magnetic tape or paper Transferred to image setter

Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type. • • • Hand writing and Calligraphy Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter Hot Metal Setting • Phototypesetting or Photosetting advantages over hot metal » » » Letters could be set closer together. They could also be touching, or even overlapping Sharper Fast Relatively inexpensive

Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type. • • • Hand writing and Calligraphy Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter Hot Metal Setting • Phototypesetting or Photosetting disadvantages over hot metal » » all sizes produced by 1 font master. More “sterile” look than hot metal. Mechanicals usually needed to produce pages. Becoming obsolete.

Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type. • • Hand writing and Calligraphy Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter Hot Metal Setting Phototypesetting • Computer

Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type. • • Hand writing and Calligraphy Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter Hot Metal Setting Phototypesetting • Computer – Advantages • greater range of typefaces to choose from • Quality and Flexibility of digital type – all sizes are created by scaling • adjust the size of type to fit a certain space • text to be set, around an elipse or along a freeform curve. • tweak existing faces to your own preferences or create entirely new faces from scratch. • Do it yourself typesetting so no typesetting costs

Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type. • • Hand writing and Calligraphy Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter Hot Metal Setting Phototypesetting • Computer – Disadvantages • designs vary between suppliers. • Choice of sizes, leading and tracking can result in unimaginative use of defaults. • More responsibility for designer.

Raster Principal

Raster Principal A raster is the line that makes up the picture on a television screen. On digital devices like a computer screen, each line is divided into a series of dots called pixels and the resolution of the screen is described in terms of the number of pixels horizontally by the number of lines vertically. Thus the screen resolution of a computer monitor may have a resolution of 1024 x 768 or 1280 x 1024. Another way of measuring resolution is by the number of dots per inch. Or dpi.

Type Formats • Postscript • True Type • Open Type

Type Formats • Postscript – Letterform as Lines and curves (vector) rather than dots (raster) – describes not only letterforms, but also vector drawings – proprietary piece of software Adobe

Vector/Postscript Image

Postscript Text vs Bitmap

Type Formats • True. Type and Open Type – Rival formats – Developed by Microsoft and Apple – Was True. Type now Open Type – Uses a single font file for all its outline, metric and bitmap data – Unicode – Opticals