Testing and Individual Differences 1 olson How Do

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Testing and Individual Differences 1 olson

Testing and Individual Differences 1 olson

How Do We Measure Individual Differences? Measuring individual differences is an essential component of

How Do We Measure Individual Differences? Measuring individual differences is an essential component of psychology, but strict guidelines and ethical standards must be followed to ensure results and conclusions are valid and appropriate 2 olson

Validity and Reliability Validity – A property exhibited by a test that measures what

Validity and Reliability Validity – A property exhibited by a test that measures what it purports to measure • Face validity • Content validity • Item analysis • Criterion validity 3 olson

Validity and Reliability – A property exhibited by a test that yields the same

Validity and Reliability – A property exhibited by a test that yields the same results over time • Test-retest reliability • Split-half reliability 4 olson

Standardization and Norms Scientists use statistics to establish a normal curve This curve can

Standardization and Norms Scientists use statistics to establish a normal curve This curve can be used to describe most phenomena Normal range – Scores falling near the middle of a normal distribution 5 olson

The Normal Distribution of IQ Scores Normal Range Number of Persons Many Few 0

The Normal Distribution of IQ Scores Normal Range Number of Persons Many Few 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 IQ 6 olson

Types of Tests Objective tests can be scored easily by machine In subjective tests,

Types of Tests Objective tests can be scored easily by machine In subjective tests, individuals are given an ambiguous figure or an open-ended situation and asked to describe what they see or finish a story 7 olson

Inkblots 8 olson

Inkblots 8 olson

Inter-rater reliability measures how similarly two different test scorers would score a test With

Inter-rater reliability measures how similarly two different test scorers would score a test With this idea in mind Rorschach Tests are losing ground. 9 olson

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 10 olson

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 10 olson

Ethics and Standards in Testing Ethical concerns related to testing involve: The confidentiality of

Ethics and Standards in Testing Ethical concerns related to testing involve: The confidentiality of the test results How to report the results How to use the test to compare individuals The impact of tests on society as a whole 11 olson

What do you know? 1. When we check to see whether a test will

What do you know? 1. When we check to see whether a test will yield the same results over time, we are assessing its a) b) c) d) e) Reliability Validity Normality Objectivity subjectivity 2. The TAT is a ________ test? 3. All of the following are components of ethical testing except: a) b) c) d) e) Item analysis Validity Reliability Objectivity instinct 12 olson

How is Intelligence Measured? Intelligence testing has a history of controversy, but most psychologists

How is Intelligence Measured? Intelligence testing has a history of controversy, but most psychologists now view intelligence as a normally distributed trait that can be measured by performance on a variety of tasks 13 olson

How is Intelligence Measured? Binet-Simon Test calculated a child’s mental age and compared it

How is Intelligence Measured? Binet-Simon Test calculated a child’s mental age and compared it to his or her chronological age In America, testing became widespread for the assessment of Army recruits, immigrants, and schoolchildren The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is the most respected of the new American tests of intelligence 14 olson

How is Intelligence Measured? Intelligence quotient – A numerical score on an intelligence test,

How is Intelligence Measured? Intelligence quotient – A numerical score on an intelligence test, original computed by dividing a person’s mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100 The original IQ calculation was abandoned in favor of standard scores based on the normal distribution olson 15

Sample IQ Test Items Select the best definition for each word: Viable a. Traveled

Sample IQ Test Items Select the best definition for each word: Viable a. Traveled b. Capable of living c. V-shaped d. Can be bent e. Imminent f. Defenseless g. Expensive h. Impending i. notorious 16 olson

Analogies: examine the relationship between the first two words. Then find the answer that

Analogies: examine the relationship between the first two words. Then find the answer that has the same relationship with the word in bold letters: Washington: Lincoln July: a. January b. April c. May d. October e. f. g. h. i. j. Ocean: Canoe Verse: Poem Pen Water serve 17 olson

Similarities: Which letter on the right belongs to the same category as the on

Similarities: Which letter on the right belongs to the same category as the on the left? 1. J AMSZT 2. A SDUVX 18 olson

Sequences: Choose the answer that best completes the sequence: Azbycxd? E, s, u, w,

Sequences: Choose the answer that best completes the sequence: Azbycxd? E, s, u, w, f 1 3 6 10 15? 16, 18, 21, 27, 128 19 olson

Mathematical reasoning Portland Seattle are actually 150 miles apart, but on a map they

Mathematical reasoning Portland Seattle are actually 150 miles apart, but on a map they are two inches apart. If Chicago and Norfolk are five inches apart on the same map, what is the actual distance between those two cities? The roundest knight at King Arthur's round a. 125 miles table was Sir Cumference. b. 250 miles He acquired his size from too much pi. c. 375 miles d. 525 miles 20 olson

The Exceptional Child Mental retardation – Often conceived as representing the lower 2% of

The Exceptional Child Mental retardation – Often conceived as representing the lower 2% of the IQ range Giftedness – Often conceived as representing the upper 2% of the IQ range 21 olson

Terman’s studies Selected 1528 children who scored near the top of the IQ range

Terman’s studies Selected 1528 children who scored near the top of the IQ range in 1921. Longitudinal study until they were adults. Retested them throughout the years. Gathered information on achievements and adjustment patterns. Excelled in school They published 2000 scientific articles, patented 235 inventions, wrote 92 books. Despite achievements none of them became a Picasso, Einstein etc. Many of them led normal uneventful lives. 22 olson

Check your understanding RECALL: One of Binet’s great ideas was that of mental age,

Check your understanding RECALL: One of Binet’s great ideas was that of mental age, which was defined as a. the average at which people achieve a particular score on an intelligence test. b. an individual’s biological age plus the score he or she achieves on a mental test. c. an individual’s level of emotional maturity, as judged by the examiner. d. The variability in scores seen when an individual is tested repeatedly. e. a means of measuring performance on a test against a specific learning goal. 23 olson

APPLICATION: You have tested a 12 -year-old child and found that she has a

APPLICATION: You have tested a 12 -year-old child and found that she has a mental age of 15. Using the original IQ formula, what is her IQ? a. 50 b. 75 c. 100 d. 115 e. 125 24 olson

RECALL: A problem with the original IQ formula is that it gave a distorted

RECALL: A problem with the original IQ formula is that it gave a distorted picture of the intellectual abilities of a. Adults b. Children c. Retarded persons d. Gifted students e. The elderly 25 olson

Core Concept If intelligence is a normally distributed characteristic, then you would expect to

Core Concept If intelligence is a normally distributed characteristic, then you would expect to find it a. To be different abilities in different people b. To be spread throughout the population, but with most people clustered near the middle of the range. c. To a significant degree only in people whose IQ scores are above 100. d. To be determined entirely by hereditary factors. e. To be determined entirely by environmental factors. 26 olson

What Are the Components of Intelligence? Some psychologists believe that the essence of intelligence

What Are the Components of Intelligence? Some psychologists believe that the essence of intelligence is a single, general factor, while others believe intelligence is best described as a collection of distinct abilities 27 olson

What Are the Components of Intelligence? Savant syndrome – Found in individuals who have

What Are the Components of Intelligence? Savant syndrome – Found in individuals who have a remarkable talent even though they are mentally slow in other domains Dustin Hoffman portrayed an autistic savant in the film Rain Man. 28 olson

Psychometric Theories of Intelligence People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to

Psychometric Theories of Intelligence People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other tests, while those who scored badly on one test tended to score badly on other. He concluded that intelligence is general cognitive ability that could be measured and numerically expressed g Factor – A general ability, proposed by Spearman as the main factor underlying all intelligent mental activity G – is for general intellect, something that is innate. 29 olson

Psychometric Theories of Intelligence “Mental Measurements” These Psychologists develop tests to measure mental abilities

Psychometric Theories of Intelligence “Mental Measurements” These Psychologists develop tests to measure mental abilities Raymond Cattell 1963 two components: Crystallized intelligence – The knowledge a person has acquired, plus the ability to access that knowledge Fluid intelligence – The ability to see complex relationships and solve problems olson 30

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Practical Intelligence Analytical Intelligence Creative Intelligence 31 olson

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Practical Intelligence Analytical Intelligence Creative Intelligence 31 olson

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Practical Intelligence Ability to cope with the environment; “street smarts” Analytical

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Practical Intelligence Ability to cope with the environment; “street smarts” Analytical Intelligence Creative Intelligence 32 olson

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Practical Intelligence Analytical Intelligence Creative Intelligence Ability to analyze problems and

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Practical Intelligence Analytical Intelligence Creative Intelligence Ability to analyze problems and find correct answers; ability measured by most IQ tests also called logical reasoning 33 olson

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Practical Intelligence Analytical Intelligence Creative Intelligence Form of intelligence that helps

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Practical Intelligence Analytical Intelligence Creative Intelligence Form of intelligence that helps people see new relationships among concepts; involves insight and creativity 34 olson

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal 35 olson

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal 35 olson

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Often measured on IQ tests with reading comprehension

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Often measured on IQ tests with reading comprehension and vocabulary tests Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal 36 olson

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Often measured on IQ tests with analogies, math

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Often measured on IQ tests with analogies, math problems and logic problems Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal 37 olson

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Musical Ability to form mental images of objects

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Musical Ability to form mental images of objects and think about their relationships in space Bodily-Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal 38 olson

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Ability to perceive and create patterns

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Ability to perceive and create patterns of rhythms and pitches Interpersonal Intrapersonal 39 olson

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Interpersonal Ability for controlled movement and

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Interpersonal Ability for controlled movement and coordination Intrapersonal 40 olson

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Ability to understand other

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Ability to understand other people’s emotions, motives and actions 41 olson

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Ability to know oneself

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Ability to know oneself and to develop a sense of identity 42 olson

Gardner’s Three New Intelligences Naturalistic intelligence - ability to discern patterns in nature –

Gardner’s Three New Intelligences Naturalistic intelligence - ability to discern patterns in nature – (e. g. Darwin) Spiritual Intelligence - recognition of the spiritual Existential intelligence - concern with 'ultimate issues' – The meaning of life kind of stuff. 43 olson

Cultural Definitions of Intelligence Cross-cultural psychologists have shown that “intelligence” has different meanings in

Cultural Definitions of Intelligence Cross-cultural psychologists have shown that “intelligence” has different meanings in different cultures 44 olson

How Do Psychologists Explain IQ Differences Among Groups? While most psychologists agree that both

How Do Psychologists Explain IQ Differences Among Groups? While most psychologists agree that both heredity and environment affect intelligence, they disagree on the source of IQ differences among racial and social groups 45 olson

How Do Psychologists Explain IQ Differences Among Groups? Hereditarian arguments maintain that intelligence is

How Do Psychologists Explain IQ Differences Among Groups? Hereditarian arguments maintain that intelligence is substantially influenced by genetics Environmental approaches argue that intelligence can be dramatically shaped by influences such as • Health • Economics • Education 46 olson

Heritability and Group Differences Heritability – Amount of trait variation within a group, raised

Heritability and Group Differences Heritability – Amount of trait variation within a group, raised under the same conditions, that can be attributed to genetic differences Heritability says nothing about betweengroup differences 47 olson

Heritability and Group Differences Research with twins and adopted children shows genetic influences on

Heritability and Group Differences Research with twins and adopted children shows genetic influences on a wide range of attributes, including intelligence Research has also shown that racial and class differences in IQ scores can be eliminated by environmental changes 48 olson

End of PPT 49 olson

End of PPT 49 olson