Terrorism Mr Craddock What is Terrorism US premeditated

Terrorism Mr. Craddock

What is Terrorism US: premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents v UN: intention to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act. v

Terrorism or Acts of Violence or War v v v North Ossetia Lebanon Sri Lanka Pakistan India France Dagestan, Russia Burma New York Istanbul, Turkey Elazig Province, Turkey Texas v Guinea v Blacksburg v Seattle v Uzbekistan v Grozny, Russia v Kosovo v Cote d’Ivoire v Yemen v

Origins of Terrorism The first time use of terrorism occurred during the Reign of Terror following the French Revolution v The first known use of the term terrorist was in 1869 by Sergey Nechayev, who wrote the "Catechism of a Revolutionary", a program for the "merciless destruction" of society and the state. The main principle of the "Catechism" — "the ends justify the means" v

Definition cont. v Terrorism generally can be confined to three concepts Violence Fear Intimidation v It is almost always targeted in the most public way against civilians in order to draw attention to the act

Number of Terrorism Incidents, 2000 -2008

Types of Terrorism v Domestic – acts against one’s own country (Oklahoma City) v International – acts that transcend national boundaries (9/11) v Subnational – acts committed by nongovernmental groups (Chechnya) v State – acts committed by agents of the government (Syria)

Oklahoma City Bombing

Types of Terrorism cont. v Bioterrorism – intentional release of toxic biological agents for the intent of terrorism v Cyberterrorism – usually an attack on information technology to disrupt an organization v Ecoterrorism – attacking disruptors of the environment in order to protect the environment.

Terrorist Groups v Basque Fatherland Liberty (Spain) v Irish Republican Army (N. Ireland) v HAMAS (Palestine) v Hezbollah (Lebanon) v Palestinian Liberation Front (Palestine) v Sikh Terrorism (India)

Khalistan Basque

Palestinian State

Al Qaeda v Established in 1989 by Osama bin Laden v Is a fundamentalist organization seeking to rid Muslim nations of Westernization and secularism and replace with Theocracies. v Operates out of individual cells instead of as a formal organization.

Major Terrorist Incidents v 9/11 v Munich Olympic Massacre (1972) v Iran Hostage Crisis (1979 -1981) v Beirut Bombing (1983) v Mumbai (2008) v School Hostages in Russia (2004)

Reactions to Terrorist Attacks Reducing or addressing the cause of terrorism (Basque Spain) v Increasing international cooperation in surveillance of subnational groups (Arab Gulf States) v Increasing security measures within the country (United States) v Using military means against terrorism (United States) v