Terrorism and The Muslim Brotherhood God is our

Terrorism and The Muslim Brotherhood “God is our purpose, the Prophet our leader, the Qu’ran our constitution, jihad our way and dying for God’s cause our supreme objective. ” Hassan al-Banna founder of the Muslim Brotherhood http: //Muslim. Brotherhood. Terrorism. webs. com © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 1

http: //muslimbrotherhoodterrorism. webs. com/ The Power. Point presentations and a short paper ("What Islam is Not”) are found on the website http: //muslimbrotherhoodterrorism. webs. com/ If you do not have Microsoft Power. Point, you can download a free Power. Point viewer using this link: http: //www. microsoft. com/downloads/details. aspx? Family. ID=048 DC 840 -14 E 1 -467 D-8 DCA-19 D 2 A 8 FD 7485&displaylang=en For Mac users, you can use this site to download the free Microsoft Power. Point viewer for Mac: http: //support. microsoft. com/kb/190986 or http: //en. softonic. com/s/powerpoint-viewer: mac © Copyright 2008 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 2

Power. Point viewing on a MAC • Check if you have Mac OS X Leopard or Snow Leopard by clicking Apple Menu > About this Mac • Look for the version number. . if it's 10. 5. x (Leopard) or 10. 6. x (Snow Leopard) then you have a Power. Point viewer built right in. Just click ONCE on the file you want to view and tap the spacebar. The Power. Point file will pop straight up on your screen. • That works on just about any file by the way. It's called “quickview”. © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 3

Course Overview • • • Session 1: The Creation of Islam Session 2: Muslim Conquest and Radical Islam Session 3: The Creation of Al Qaeda Session 4: The Arab Spring Session 5: The Global Caliphate © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 4

References 1. “The Qur’an, A Biography”, Lawrence, Bruce, Atlantic Monthly Press, NY, 2006 2. “Ghost Wars”, Coll, Steve, Penguin Books, NY, 2004 3. “The Looming Tower”, Wright, Lawrence, Random House, NY, 2006 4. “Sleeping with the Devil”, Baer, Robert, Random House, NY, 2003 5. “See No Evil”, Baer, Robert, Random House, NY, 2002 6. “The Siege of Mecca - The Forgotten Uprising in Islam’s Holiest Shrine and the Birth of Al Qaeda” Trofimov, Yaroslav, Tantor Media Inc. , 2007 7. “Imperial Life in the Emerald City”, Chandrasekaran, Rajiv, Random House, NY, 2006 8. “The Assassins Gate – America in Iraq”, Packer, George Packer, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, NY, 2005 9. “A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East”, Fromkin, David and Stein, Elizabeth, Owl Books, 1989 © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 5

References 10. “Inside the Jihad - My Life with Al Qaeda”, Nasiri, Omar, 2006 Tantor Media, Old Saybrook, CT, 2006 11. “The Osama Bin Laden I Know”, Bergen, Peter, Audio Books LLC, 2006 12. “Holy War, Inc. ”, Bergen, Peter, Simon & Shuster, NY, 2001 13. “Jawbreaker – The attack on Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda”, Berntsen, Gary Crown Publishing Group of Random House, NY 2005 14. “The Iraq Study Group Report: The Way Forward - A New Approach”, Baker, James and Hamilton, Lee et al, U. S. Institute of Peace, Washington, DC, Dec. 6, 2006 15. “The Terrorist Watch – Inside the Desperate Race to Stop the Next Attack”, Kessler, Ronald, Crown Publishing division or Random House, New York, 2007 16. “The Enemy at Home”, D’Souza, Dinesh, Bantam Books, 2008 17. “ 1913 – The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict”, Marcus, Amy Dockser, Tantor Media, Old Saybrook, CT, 2007 © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 6

References 18. “The Origins of the Shia-Sunni Split” – National Public Radio, Feb. 12, 2007 19. “Integrating Islam”, America Abroad Media, http: //www. americaabroadmedia. org/programs/view/id/66/sf_highlight 20. "Abraham : A Journey to the Heart of Three Faiths", Feiler, Bruce, William Morrow, New York, 2002 21. “The Lessons of Terror – A History Of Warfare Against Civilian: Why It Has Always Failed and Why It Will Fail Again”, Carr, Caleb, New York, Simon & Shuster, 2002 22. The Demon in the Freezer”, Preston, Richard, Random House, NY, 2002 23. “Islam and Democracy, Fear of the Modern World”, Mernissi, Fatima, translated by Mary Jo Lakeland, Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1992 24. “The Closed Circle”, Pryce-Jones, David, Harper & Row, NY, 1989 25. CIA World Factbook 2006 26. The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam and the Crusades”, Spencer, Robert, Regnery Publishing, Washington DC, 2005 © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 7

References 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. www. cft. org Council on Foreign Relations www. globalsecurity. org Global Security www. bbc. co. uk British Broadcasting Corporation Online www. mideastweb. org Mideast Web www. aijac. org. au Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council www. weeklystandard. com The Weekly Standard www. nationalreview. com National Review Online www. time. com Time Magazine Online www. whitehouse. gov White House press releases www. newyorkpost. com New York Post online www. historylearningsite. co. uk History Learning Site www. infoplease. com Info Please by Pearson Publishing www. afghanweb. com Afghanistan Web www. wikipedia. org Wikipedia – the free encyclopedia © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 8

References 41. Aslan, Reza; How to Win a cosmic War – God, Globalization, and the End of the War on Terror; Random House, New York, 2009 42. Schwartz, Stephen; The Two Faces of Islam – The House of Sa’ud from Tradition to Terror; Doubleday, New York, 2002 43. Jones, Seth G. ; In The Graveyard of Empires – America’s War in Afghanistan; W. W. Norton, New York, 2010 44. Parnell, Sean, and Bruning, John; Outlaw Platoon – Heroes, Renegades, Infidels and the Brotherhood of War in Afghanistan; Harper Collins, New York, 2012 45. Farivar, Masood; Confessions of a Mullah Warrior; Atlantic Monthly Press [Berkeley, CA], Distributed in the U. S. by Publishers Group West, New York, 2009 © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 9

Glossary • Aliwite – a sect of Shi’ia Islam that forms the ruling party in Syria • Al Qaeda – “The Base”; organization created by Osama bin Laden and Ayman al Zawahiri in 1994, which declared Jihad on non-Muslims in 1998 • Bida – forbidden by God • Caliph – successor to a high position in the religious order • Fard ayn - a personal obligation for all Muslims; radical clerics/scholars declare jihad on the west and Israel are fard ayn • Fatwa – religious edict • Fedayeen – suicide attack tactics • Hadith - The hadith collections are accounts of the verbal and physical traditions of Muhammad, dating from several generations after the death of Muhammad. • Hamas – elected government of Palestine, funded and supported by Al Qaeda • Hezbollah – Shia faction in Palestine funded and controlled by Iran © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 10

Glossary • Imam – supreme religious leader • Jihad – “struggle”, now associated with a holy war, but also a Muslims’s personal internal struggle to embrace and practice Islam • Jahiliyyah –”ignorance of divine guidance”; the state of the world before Islam and revelation of the Qu’ran to Muhammed. • Kab’ah – a cube-shaped sanctuary for idols in the center of the Grand Mosque in Mecca. It contains the rock to which Abraham sent his concubine Hagar and made provisions for the branch of his family that later became Muslims. • Kafir – unbeliever; Muslim sects often refer to members of other Muslim sects or secular Muslim nations as kafir. The traditional sentence in sharia law for such apostasy is execution. © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 11

Glossary • Madrassa – fundamentalist Islamic school, typically Wahhabist in their interpretation of the Qu’ran • Mahdi – “Guided One”, the prophesied redeemer of Islam that will unite all Muslims and bring the final days • Mullah – teacher • Mutaween "volunteer" in Arabic, government-authorized religious police of Saudi Arabia or religious-policing organizations in Islamic countries Sahaba - companions of Muhammad during his 23 year ministry • Salat –prayers practiced five times each day • Salafis – believers in the practice of Islam by the Salafi – the companions of Muhammad his and the succeeding two generations © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 12

Glossary • Sharia – Islamic law based on the Qu’ran and the • Shi’ite, Shi’at Ali – “the partisans of Ali” – the sect of Islam that followers Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and brother-in-law of Muhammad, and Ali’s son Hussein • Shura – council of advisors • Sunnah - literally “trodden path”, “the way of the prophet”; religious actions instituted by Muhammad during his 23 years ministry and were received through consensus of Muhammad’s companions (Sahaba), and then generation-to-generation transmission. Some believe sunnah are religious actions initiated by Abraham and only revived by Muhammad. • Sunni – “followers of Sunnah, or Way of the Prophet” – the sect of Islam that follow the line of succession of Abu Bakr, a friend of Muhammad who became the 4 th Imam © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 13

Glossary • Sufi – a sect of Islam most familiar as Dervishes; unlike many other sects they practice music and dancing • Tahut – forbidden by religious interpretation • Takfir or Takfeer – the act of declaring a person or group to be nonbelievers (kafir). The traditional sentence for apostasy in sharia law is execution. Takfiri rebels attempted to assassinate Osama bin Laden in the Sudan, believing he was too conventional in his views. • Talib – a student of Islam • Ulama or Ulema – the community of Muslim scholars • Uma – the community of Muslims © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 14

Session 1: The Creation of Islam http: //muslimbrotherhoodterrorism. webs. com © Copyright 2008 -2013

The Creation of Islam • • Religion timeline Ancient Empires in the Middle East Muhammad biography Revelation of the Qur’an Warfare and conquest The Sunni – Shia split Islamic world today © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 16

2000 BCE Judaism founded in the Middle East 2000 BCE 600 BCE Monotheism Buddhism in India/Nepal and Jainism 1 CE in India Christianity founded in the Middle East 610 CE Islam in Arabia 1000 CE 800 BCE Hinduism in India 1735 CE Wahhabism Sect of Islam in Iraq and Arabia 2000 CE 124 CE Taoism in China (panentheism) Polytheism © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 17

Ancient Empires in the Middle East Assyrians Persians Arabs © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert

The Prophet Muhammad 570: Halabi ibn Abdullah is born in Mecca to the Banu Hashim family. Later he took the name Muhammad (Arab. "the Praised"). While prominent in Mecca the family seems not to have been prosperous at this time. His father dies six months before he is born and his mother dies of illness when he is six. For two years he is raised by his paternal grandfather who then died. By Arab custom he was excluded from any paternal inheritance since he had not reached maturity. In his teens he accompanies his uncle on caravan journeys to Syria. He learns the caravan trade well enough to be employed by a wealthy merchant and widow named Khadijah. The birth of Muhammad, Persia, c. 1315. (Library of the University of Edinburgh) Muhammad meets the monk Bahira. Persia, c. 1315. (Library of the University of Edinburgh) © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 19

The Prophet Muhammad 595: At age 25 Muhammad is proposed to by Khadijah, and he accepts. The marriage and his business prosper, aided by her resources. 610: At age 40 Muhammad is commercially successful. He begins spending several weeks each year meditating in a cave on Mount Hira in the hills outside Mecca. He is visited by the angel Gabriel and the first verses of the Qu’ran are recited to him by Gabriel. The first revelation (the Great Sign) is followed by three years of religious devotion and prayer by Muhammad, followed then by the second visit by Gabriel. © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 20

The Prophet Muhammad 613+: Mohammad receives additional communications from Gabriel and preaches these to the people of Mecca. He founds his religion – Islam (Arab. “to surrender”) 619: In the Night of Power Gabriel presents a vision of heaven. This is followed by the second revelation: the Night Journey. On a winged steed Muhammad is transported to the rock in Jerusalem where Abraham nearly sacrificed his son Ishmael. Muhammad and his steed ascend from the rock to heaven where he meets prophets and The Glorious and Exalted One. Through Gabriel he negotiates the number of Muslim daily prayers to be five. © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved Muhammad's Night Journey (faceless). Persian, c. 1540 21

The Prophet Muhammad 619: Khadijah and Muhammad’s uncle Abu Talib die. Muhammad’s enemies oppose him in Mecca. At two annual fairs outside Mecca Muhammad converts some tribal members from north of Mecca to Islam. Opposition grows in Mecca so his daughter and son in law move to Abyssinia under the protection of a Christian king there. 622: Muhammad and followers flee to Medina. His followers and supporters in Medina begin raiding caravans from Mecca. 623: Some of his followers raid a caravan during the holy month of Rajab when fighting is forbidden. Through prayer it is revealed that “oppression is worse than killing”. © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 22

624: Muslims win the battle of Badr against a larger Meccan force, but do not capture the Meccan caravan 625: Mecca sends a large army against the Muslims and defeats them at Uhud, wounding Muhammad purges his ranks and demands greater loyalty from his followers. 627: Muslims prevail at the Battle of Trench against Mecca. Muhammad begins diplomacy with Mecca. 628: Treaty of Hudaibiya between the Muslims and Mecca. 630: Muhammad leads his Muslims back to Mecca. 632: Muhammad dies while planning a campaign to invade Syria. © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved Below: Muhammed re-dedicating the Black Stone at the Kaaba. Persia, c. 1315. The Prophet Muhammad 23

The Qur’an and the Hadith • The Qur’an is a recited text; it was revealed to Muhammad who could not read • The Qur’an has always been memorized by recitation • As with all religious texts, the Qur’an is open to scholarly and lay interpretation • The hadith collections are accounts of the verbal and physical traditions of Muhammad. These date from several generations after the death of Muhammad. Hadith compilations are records of the traditions or sayings of the Muhammad. They might be defined as the biography of Muhammad perpetuated by the long memory of his community for their exemplification and obedience. • Oral tradition plays a major role in the Islamic understanding of Muhammad. © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 24

Qur’an Versions • • • The Qur’an was likely compiled the during the lifetime of Muhammad or the first caliph Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (632 -634). Muslims agree that the Qur'an we see today was canonized by Uthman ibn Affan (653 -656). Upon the canonization of the Qur'an, Uthman ordered the burning of all personal copies of the Qur'an. Small variations still remained in the written Qur'an. Muslim scholars believe the Uthmanic Qur'an is what was revealed to the Prophet in its entirety, while some non-muslim scholars believe verses were removed. A number of scholars debate the validity of the collection of the Qur'an as a whole and whether the Qur'an ever existed in its entirety during Muhammad’s or Uthman’s time. The text of the Qur'an today is taken from one of the seven alternative reading styles (due to different Arabic dialects) by Ibn Mujahid (who reported there were fourteen) in the 10 th century and published as the Royal Cairo edition by King Fuad of Egypt in 1924. © Copyright 2008 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 25

The Sunni-Shia Split 632: Abu Bakr is chosen as caliph, Muhammad’s successor. A minority favors Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law. They are known as Shiat Ali: “the partisans of Ali”. 656: Ali becomes the fourth caliph after his predecessor is assassinated. Some Muslims rebel against Ali and form the Sunni faction: “the way of the prophet”. Ali therefore is the first Shiite Imam. 661: Violence and turmoil spread among Muslims. Ali is assassinated. © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 26

The Sunni-Shia Split 680: Hussein, son of Ali, marches against the superior army of the Sunni caliph at Karbala in Iraq. His army is massacred and Hussein is beheaded. The Day of Ashura is on the 10 th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and is commemorated by the Shi‘a as a day of mourning for the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali. Shia consider Ali as their first Imam and Husayn as the second Imam. © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved A Shiite Muslim holds a picture of Imam Husayn during a demonstration in Baghdad, May 29, 2003. 27

The Shia 873: The 11 th Shiite Imam dies. No one succeeds him. 873 -940: The son of the 11 th Imam disappears, leaving his representatives to head the Shiite faith. 940: The Greater Occultation of the 12 th, or “Hidden Imam” begins. No Imam presides over the Shiite faithful. (873940 was known as the Lesser Occultation) 1801: A Wahhabi raiding party sacks Kharbala, site of the Husayn’s tomb and one of Shia Islam’s most holy shrines. In eight hours the Wahhabis massacre 5000 Shia; a horror and insult the Shia have never forgiven. © Copyright 2008 -2013 Robert D. Conway All Rights Reserved 28