Terrestrial Biomes What is a biome A biome

Terrestrial Biomes

What is a biome? A biome is a geographic area with the same climate, flora, and fauna.

Abiotic factors: never living things of the environment. – Examples: soil, air, light, temperature, water

Biotic factors: living or once living things of the environment. l Examples: people, bacteria, animals, plants, fungi, insects, dead plants and animals, etc.

Levels of Organization

Terrestrial Biomes: differ by location, plants, and animals l l l l l Temperate/Deciduous Forest (TDF) Tropical Rain Forest (TRF) Taiga/Boreal Forest/Coniferous Forest Tropical Grassland/Savanna Temperate Grassland/Prairie Tropical Desert Cold Desert Chaparral Tundra Mountain

Biomes of the World l Each of the world’s biomes has its own unique characteristics.

3 Main Climate Zones Polar to 66. 5 N Temperate 66. 5 N to 23. 5 N Tropical 23. 5 N to 23. 5 S Temperate 66. 5 S to 23. 5 S Polar to 66. 5 S

Polar Zone l Located from the Poles to 66. 5 N and S. l Coldest Temperatures of all 3 zones l Tundra Biome l Taiga Biome

Temperate Zone Located from 66. 5 N and S to 23. 5 N and S. l Change of Seasons l Experience hot and cold temperatures. l Temperate Forest l Prairie l Chaparral l Desert l

Tropical Zone l Located from 23. 5 N to 23. 5 S. l Area along the equator. l Receives most solar radiation. l High temperatures/Precipitation varies l Desert l Rain forest l Savanna

Earth’s Climate Zones Complete the diagram: Draw the lines at the correct latitude and label the lines of latitude. Label the zones: Temperate, Tropical and Polar. Color the Tropical zone red, the Temperate zone green and the Polar zone blue.

Temperate Deciduous Forest l Temperature: -22 to 86º Fahrenheit l Precipitation: 24 -60 inches annually l Characteristics: – Has 4 distinct seasons – You live here – Leaves change color in autumn l Zone: Temperate

Temperate Deciduous Forest l Flora: the plants of a biome – Examples: oak tree, maple tree, azaleas, shrubs, grasses l Fauna: the animals of a biome – Examples: ants, deer, turkeys, frogs, eagles l Interesting facts: – Deciduous trees lose their leaves to conserve water

Temperate Deciduous Forest Covers 1/3 of the Earth’s area l Dominated by trees and woody vegetation l Precipitation is distributed evenly throughout the year l Animal life includes many things such as bears, deer, and rodents l

Pictures of TDF Flora l White oak, Genus: Uercus Species: alba Lady Fern, Genus: Athyrium Species: felix-femina

Pictures of TDF fauna American Bald Eagle l European Red Squirrel l White-tailed Deer l

Insects of the TDF

Rain Forest

Tropical Rain Forest Temperature: 75 to 85º Fahrenheit l Precipitation: 50 -260+ inches annually l l Characteristics: – 12 hours of daylight – 2 seasons: rainy and dry – Poor soil l Interesting facts: – Most diverse biome – Many plants there could be used for medicines. – 85% of the world’s TRF have been deforested.

Tropical Rain Forest l The Rain Forest is made of 3 layers: – The first layer is the canopy. – The second layer is the understory. – The third is the forest floor. l The Rain Forest contains about 45% of all animal species in the world making it the biome with highest biological diversity.

TRF Flora and Fauna l Flora: the plants of a biome – Examples: orchids, ferns, trees—would find many buttress trunks here – Fauna of the TRF is very shallow rooted. l Fauna: the animals of a biome – Examples: birds, bats, insects, frogs, & small mammals

Flora of the TRF Bougainvillea Genus: Bougainvillea Species: spectabilis Tualang Common Names: Mengaris, Honey Bee Tree, Dëoh Genus: Koompassia Species: excelsa Mangrove Forests

Fauna of the TRF

Fauna of the TFR Golden Lion Tamarin Genus: Leontopithecus Species: rosalia African Forest Elephant Common Names: Pygmy Elephant Genus: Loxodonta Species: cyclotis Toco Toucan Genus: Pamphastos Species: toco

T a i g a

Taiga/Boreal Forest/Coniferous Forest l Temperature: 14 to 57º Fahrenheit l Precipitation: 14 -30 inches annually l Zone: Temperate l FYI: Current extensive logging may soon cause the taiga to disappear.

Taiga/Boreal Forest/Coniferous Forest l Characteristics: – Animals migrate, hibernate, or insulate to survive. – Cone shape of trees helps them shed snow & prevents damage to trees. – Soil is low in nutrients & high in acid. Why? – Found in the Northern Hemisphere near the polar region & very few people live there.

Taiga/Boreal Forest/Coniferous Forest l Interesting facts: – Find in Moscow, Toronto, etc. – Taiga is the Russian word for marshy pine forest. – It is home to bogs and ponds. – It has some permafrost but not as much as the tundra. – It occupies about 17% of the Earth’s land area.

Taiga/Boreal Forest/Coniferous Forest l Flora of the Taiga: – Include conifers (cone-producing plants) such as spruce, firs, and pines – Rarely see birch and aspen trees (deciduous trees) l Fauna of the Taiga: – Include moose, deer, bears, bobcats, squirrels, moles, eagles, birds, and insects

Taiga Flora Eastern Red Cedar Common Names: Red Cedar, grave yard tree Genus: Juniperus Species: virginiana Black Spruce Common Names: Black Spruce, Bog Spruce, Swamp Spruce, épinette noire Genus: Picea Species: mariana

Taiga Fauna Long-Eared Owl Common Names: Cat Owl Genus: Aiso Species: otus Snowshoe Rabbit Common Names: Varying Hare Genus: Lepus Species: americanus American Black Bear Genus: Ursus Species: americanus Wolverine Genus: Gulo Species: luscus

Tropical Grassland/Savanna

Tropical Grassland/Savanna l Temperature: 61 to 93º Fahrenheit l Precipitation: 20 -50 inches annually l Zone: Tropical

Tropical Grassland/Savanna l Characteristics: – Has trees – Has wet and dry seasons – Dry season is always followed by fire and is necessary for survival of the savanna.

Tropical Grassland/Savanna l Flora: grass, trees, and shrubs Elephant Grass Common Name: Napier grass, Uganda grass Genus: Pennistum Species: purpureum Jackal Berry Tree Common Names: Jackalberry Tree, Jakkalbessie, African Ebony Genus: Diospyros Species: mespiliformis

Tropical Grassland/Savanna l Fauna: giraffe, zebras, gazelles, elephants, wildebeests Grant's Zebra Common Names: Plains Zebra Genus: Equus Species: burchelli bohmi Wildebeest

Temperate Grassland (Prairie) l Temperature: -40 to 100 +º Fahrenheit l Precipitation: 20 -35 inches annually l Zone: Temperate

Temperate Grassland l Characteristics: – Few grasslands left due to clearing of land for farms—for croplands l Interesting facts: – Biome with the richest/most fertile soil

Temperate Grassland l Flora: grasses, flowers, and trees, only near water l Fauna: spiders, insects, rabbits, coyotes, mice, prairie dogs

Tropical Deserts l Temperature: -0. 4 to 120º Fahrenheit l Precipitation: less than 20 inches annually l Zone: Tropical

Tropical Deserts l Characteristics: – Cover 1/5 of the Earth’s surface – Have rich soil – Hot and dry l Interesting facts: – 4 deserts in North America – Plants have shallow roots near the soil surface, waxy coverings, & spiny leaves to conserve water. – Sahara Desert in Africa is the world’s largest, covering over 3. 5 million acres of land.

Deserts of North America

Fauna examples: also include spiders, insects, birds Desert Kangaroo Rat Genus: Dipodomys Species: deserti Sonoran Pronghorn Antelope Common Names: Genus: Antilocarta Species: americana sonoriensis Coyote Common Names: Coyote Genus: Canis Species: latrans Desert Tortoise Common Names: Gopher Tortoise Genus: Gopherus Species: agassizii

Fauna Examples Sonoran Desert Toad Common Names: Sonoran Toad Genus: Bufo Species: alvarius Cactus Ferruginous Pygmy Owl Genus: Glaucidium Species: brasilianum cactorum

Flora: Also include shrubs, small trees, yuccas, and agaves Joshua Tree Genus: Yucca Species: Saguaro Cactus Genus: Carnegiea Species: gigantea brevifolia Agave

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The flower of an agave plant

Aloe Vera not to be confused with Agave

Polar (cold) Desert l Temperature: 28 -79º Fahrenheit l Precipitation: 6 -10 inches annually l Zone: polar

Polar desert characteristics & facts l Cold winters with high precipitation l Short summers l Soil is heavy and salty l Find in Antarctica, Greenland, and Asia

Fauna of the Cold Desert l Emperor penguins and gazelles

Flora of the cold desert l Lichen l Pin cushion moss Fire moss (above and algae below)

Chaparral l Temperature: 50 -104º Fahrenheit l Precipitation: 15 -40 inches annually l Zone: Temperate

Chaparral l Characteristics: – shrubby coastal area with hot, dry summers and cool, mild, wet winters l Interesting Facts: – Shallow-rooted plants – Drought and fire are common – Plants are adapted to fire

Chaparral Flora Examples: Also include scrub oak, cacti, yuccas Blue Oak Common Name: Californis Blue Oak, Iron Oak, Mountain White Oak, Mountain Oak Genus: Quecus Species: douglasii Common Sagebrush Common Name: Sagebrush, Big Sagebrush Genus: Artemisia Species: tridentata

Yucca http: //www. geographylists. com/mojave_yucca. jpg

Chaparral Fauna Examples: Also include birds, insects, & reptiles l Golden Jackal Genus: Canis Species: aureus Black-tailed Jackrabbit Genus: Lepus Species: californicus Bezoar Goat Common Names: wild goat Genus: Capra Species: aegagrus

Tundra l Temperature: -30 to 57º Fahrenheit l Precipitation: 6 -10 inches annually l Zone: polar

Tundra l Characteristics: l Interesting facts: – Coldest of all biomes – Much permafrost – Low diversity found in this layer – Animals migrate, hibernate, or insulate to survive the cold of this biome. – Experiences large changes in population numbers due to migration

l Flora: lichen, hedges, Tundra l shrubs Caribou Moss Common Name: Caribou Moss, Reindeer Lichen Genus: Cladonia Species: rangiferina wolves, elk, sheep Arctic Fox Common Names: Polar Fox, White Fox Genus: Lagopus Species: alopex Caribou Common Names: Caribou, Reindeer Genus: Rangifer Species: tarandus Fauna: hares, birds,

Mountain/Alpine l Temperature: 10 -59º Fahrenheit l Precipitation: 12 inches annually l Zone: temperate

Mountain/Alpine l Characteristics: – Too cold and too much UV from sun, causing few organisms to live there – Found at elevations of 10, 000 feet – Animals migrate, hibernate, or insulate to survive the cold of this biome. – Animals have shorter tails, legs, & ears to reduce heat loss. – Animals have larger lungs and more red blood cells

Mountain/Alpine l Interesting facts: – Very dry – Cover 16% of Earth’s surface area – Sandy, rocky, well drained soil – Temperature can go from warm to freezing in a few hours to a day – Rainshadow effect – Every 3, 280 feet increase in elevation = 18 degree drop in temperature

Mountain flora and fauna l Not many plants because of little carbon dioxide. l Find small plants near the ground and dwarf trees, grasses, heaths, and shrubs. l Fauna include goats, sheep, elk, beetles, grasshoppers, and butterflies.

Mountain flora examples Bristlecone Pine Genus: Pinus Species: longaeva Pygmy Bitterroot Common Names: Alpine Bitterroot, Pursh Genus: Lewisia Species: pygmaea

Mountain fauna examples: Snow Leopard Genus: Panthera Species: uncia Chinchilla Genus: Chinchilla Species: brevicaudasa