Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public

Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a — Public Health Terminology This material Comp 3_Unit 13 was developed by The University of Alabama at Birmingham, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number 1 U 24 OC 000023

Public Health Terminology Learning Objectives • Define frequently used public health terms • Identify distinguishing features of public health • Identify categories and factors that influence health • Identify terms commonly used as measures of health status Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 2

Public Health Definitions “improving health, prolonging life and improving the quality of life among whole populations through health promotion, disease prevention and other forms of health intervention. ” Source: (World Health Organization, 1998) Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 3

Public Health Definitions • Specific – Institute of Medicine “the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort for sanitation of the environment, the control of communicable diseases, the education of the individual in personal hygiene. . . ” Source: (IOM, 1998) Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 4

Public Health Terms • Health – General condition of the body and mind – Presence or absence of illnesses, injuries, or impairments • Prevention – “Action taken to prevent the occurrence of an event or to minimize its effects after it has occurred” Source: (Turnock, 2007. p. 254) Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 5

Public Health Terms • Promotion – Strategy that seeks to eliminate or reduce exposures to harmful factors by modifying human behaviors Source: (Turnock, 2007. p. 255) Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 6

Public Health Terms • Communicable disease – Infectious • Transmitted from one individual to another – Directly by contact » Sneezing » Coughing – Indirectly » Contaminated food » Contaminated water Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 7

Features of Public Health • Focus – Preventive aspects of health – Not curative – Population-level health issues – Not individual-level Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 8

Features of Public Health • Public health services can be divided into three major categories – Assessment – Policy Development – Assurance Source: (Public Health Functions Project, 2000) Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 9

Public Health Terms • Assessment – Monitoring health/surveillance – Diagnosing – Investigating health problems and health hazards • Policy Development – Policies and plans • Support individual and community health efforts • Educate about health issues • Mobilize community resources Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 10

Public Health Terms – Assurance • Linking people to needed personal health services through community partnerships • Informing, educating, and empowering people about health issues Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 11

Defining Health • “Individual health is closely linked to community health – the health of the community in which individuals live, work, and play. Likewise, community health is profoundly affected by the collective beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of everyone who lives in the community. ” Source: (DHHS, 2000) Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 12

Defining Health • Health as an outcome – Result of actions to produce it • Diet and exercise • Preventive measures • Seeking medical attention Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 13

Factors that Influence Health • • • Heredity Race/ethnicity Gender Income Education Geography • Exposure to violent crime • Exposure to environmental agents • Exposure to infectious diseases • Access to and availability of healthcare Source: (Encyclopedia. com) Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 14

Public Health Terms Control of disease • Reduction of disease • Locally acceptable level • Result of deliberate efforts • Continued intervention measures Source: (Communicable Disease Control) Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 15

Measurement of Health Status • Incidence – Number of new cases that develop of a particular disease/injury • Prevalence – Proportion of people who have the disease at a specific point in time Source: (CDC, Heart disease. 2010) Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 16

Measurement of Health Status • Morbidity – The relative incidence of a particular disease • Mortality – The number of deaths that occur at a specific time, in a specific group, or from a specific cause Source: (CDC, West Nile. 2010) Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 17

Measurement of Health Status • Birth rate – Number of live births per one thousand women • Fertility rate – Number of live births per one thousand women between fifteen and forty-four years of age, generally considered a woman's prime childbearing years Source: (CDC, Births, 2010) (Sutton, 2010) Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 18

Measurement of Health Status • Infant Mortality – Number of live born infants who die before their first birthday per one thousand live births • Life expectancy – Number of additional years of life expected at a specific point in time, such as at birth or at age 45 Source: (Mortality data, 2010) Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 19

Measurement of Health Status • Epidemiology – Study of distribution and causes of health-related states or events in populations – Application of the study to control health Source: (CDC Glossary) Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 20

Measurement of Health Status • Epidemiology – Study of distribution and causes of health-related states or events in populations – Application of the study to control health • Surveillance – Systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data – Ongoing basis – Patterns of disease and potential in a community – Goal = to control and prevent disease in the community Source: (CDC Glossary) Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 21

Measurement of Health Status • Epidemic – Occurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a given area or among a specific group of people over a particular period of time • Pandemic – Epidemic occurring in a wide geographical area and usually affecting large part of population • Endemic – Constant presence of a disease or infection within a geographic area or population group. Source: (CDC Glossary) Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 22

Healthcare Systems and Public Health Terminology Summary – Lecture a • Public health terms are important in understanding the US healthcare system • Epidemiology, surveillance and health status are important determinants in the health of the nation Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 23

Healthcare Systems and Public Health Terminology References • CDC, Births and natality. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from: http: //www. cdc. gov/nchs/fastats/births. htm • CDC, Deaths and mortality. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [Internet]. [updated 2012 Jan 27]. Available from: http: //www. cdc. gov/nchs/fastats/deaths. htm • CDC, Glossary of Epidemiology Terms. Public Health Foundation. 2006. Available from: http: //www. cdc. gov/excite/library/glossary. htm • CDC, Heart disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention[Internet]. [Updated 2010 Dec 21]. Available from: http: //www. cdc. gov/heartdisease/facts. htm) • CDC, Mortality data. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Internet]. [Updated 2010 Dec 21]. Available from: http: //www. cdc. gov/nchs/deaths. htm • CDC, West Nile virus. Division of vector-borne diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [Internet]. [updated 2010 Dec 21]. Available from: http: //www. cdc. gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&control. Case. Count 09_detailed. htm • Communicable Disease Control. Encyclopedia of Public Health. Ed. Lester Breslow. Vol. 1. Gale Cengage, 2002. Available from: http: //www. enotes. com/communicable-disease-control-reference/ • International Comparisons of Health Care. The Health Care System. [Internet]. 2009. Available from: http: //www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1 G 2 -1839000013. html • IOM, Future of public health. Institute of Medicine. [Internet]. [1998]. Available from: http: //www. iom. edu/Reports/1988/The-Future-of-Public-Health. aspx Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 24

Healthcare Systems and Public Health Terminology References (continued) • Healthy people 2010: understanding and improving health. US Department of Health and Human Services. [Internet]. 2000. Available from: http: //www. healthypeople. gov • Public health functions project [Internet]. [Updated 2000 Nov 28]. Available from: http: //www. health. gov/phfunctions/public. htm • Sutton P, Hamilton BE. Recent trends in births and fertility rates through June 2010. Center for Disease Control and Prevention [updated 2010 Dec 21]. Available from: http: //www. cdc. gov/nchs/data/hestat/births_fertility_2010. pdf • Turnock BJ. Essentials of public health. Boston: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2007. • World Health Organization. Health promotion glossary. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO; 1998. 36 p. Available from: http: //www. who. int/hpr/NPH/docs/hp_glossary_en. pdf Images Slide 6, 11, 18, 19 : Microsoft clip art; Used with permission from Microsoft Slide 9: Public Health Pie Chart Available from: http: //www. health. gov/phfunctions/pulic. htm Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Terminology in Healthcare and Public Health Settings Public Health and Healthcare System Terminology Lecture a 25