TEN STEPS to ADVANCED READING SECOND EDITION This

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SECOND EDITION TEN STEPS to ADVANCED READING John Langan © 2013 Townsend Press

Chapter 7 PURPOSE AND TONE

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone News photos often have a purpose and tone.

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Here, the purpose is to inform us of the return of American soldiers killed in the service of their country. The tone is one of solemnity, reverence, and respect.

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose The author’s reason for writing is called the purpose of a selection

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose Here are three common purposes in writing: l To inform—to give information about a subject. l To persuade —to convince the reader to agree with the author’s point of view on a subject. l To entertain —to amuse and delight; to appeal to the reader’s senses and imagination.

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose Often, the cover and the title of a book or article will suggest the author’s main purpose.

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books? Primary purpose: A. to inform B. to persuade C. to entertain

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books? Primary purpose: 3 A. to inform Primary purpose: A. to inform B. to persuade C. to entertain

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books? Primary purpose: 3 A. to inform Primary purpose: A. to inform B. to persuade 3 B. to persuade C. to entertain

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books? Primary purpose: 3 A. to inform Primary purpose: A. to inform B. to persuade 3 B. to persuade C. to entertain 3 C. to entertain

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose Read this paragraph and decide what the author’s purpose is. The typical American gobbles three burgers and four orders of fries every week. Toss in the pizzas, the popcorn, the sugary breakfast cereals, the sodas, the snack cakes, candy bars, ice cream and everything else we eat in lieu of real food in this society, and your body is like an eighteenwheeler roaring down a high-fat highway straight to obesity and an early grave. Fast food is bad food. It’s loaded with bad stuff like fat and sugar and sodium. It’s packed with chemicals that are in there to make it taste and smell and feel like it’s real food. What it lacks is vitamins, minerals, fiber, all the stuff you really need. Primary purpose: A. to inform B. to persuade C. to entertain

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose The typical American gobbles three burgers and four orders of fries every week. Toss in the pizzas, the popcorn, the sugary breakfast cereals, the sodas, the snack cakes, candy bars, ice cream and everything else we eat in lieu of real food in this society, and your body is like an eighteenwheeler roaring down a high-fat highway straight to obesity and an early grave. Fast food is bad food. It’s loaded with bad stuff like fat and sugar and sodium. It’s packed with chemicals that are in there to make it taste and smell and feel like it’s real food. What it lacks is vitamins, minerals, fiber, all the stuff you really need. Primary purpose: A. to inform 3 B. to persuade C. to entertain The writer tells us the things that are wrong with fast food in order to persuade us that we shouldn’t eat it.

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose Now try this paragraph. I don’t know which is harder, taking my body to the doctor or my car to the garage. Both worry me. I’m always afraid they’ll find something I didn’t know about. The only advantage of taking my body to the doctor over taking my car to the garage is that the doctor never asks me to leave it overnight. Primary purpose: A. to inform B. to persuade C. to entertain

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose I don’t know which is harder, taking my body to the doctor or my car to the garage. Both worry me. I’m always afraid they’ll find something I didn’t know about. The only advantage of taking my body to the doctor over taking my car to the garage is that the doctor never asks me to leave it overnight. Primary purpose: A. to inform B. to persuade 3 C. to entertain The writer uses playful and exaggerated details to entertain the reader. Clearly, the doctor is not going to ask the writer to leave his body overnight.

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose What is the author’s purpose in this paragraph? Personal contact is necessary for common cold viruses to spread. The viruses must get into the nose, where they can infect the nasal membranes. Inhaling contaminated droplets produced when someone else coughs or sneezes may be one way to catch a cold. Cold viruses can remain infective even if they are outside the body for a few hours. Therefore, you can also catch a cold if you handle something that is contaminated with a cold virus—for example, the doorknob of a classroom or a restroom door —and then scratch your nose or rub your eyes with your contaminated fingers. The cold viruses can reach your nose when you rub your eyes because the virus can be passed down the tear ducts that go from the eyes into the nasal cavities. Primary purpose: A. to inform B. to persuade C. to entertain

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose 1 2 Personal contact is necessary for common cold viruses to spread. The viruses must get into the nose, where they can infect the nasal membranes. Inhaling contaminated droplets produced when someone else coughs or sneezes may be one way to catch a cold. Cold viruses can remain infective even if they are outside the body for a few hours. Therefore, you can also catch a cold if you handle something that is contaminated with a cold virus—for example, the doorknob of a classroom or a restroom door —and then scratch your nose or rub your eyes with your contaminated fingers. The cold viruses can reach your nose when you rub your eyes because the virus can be passed down the tear ducts that go from the eyes into the nasal cavities. Primary purpose: 3 A. to inform B. to persuade C. to entertain The purpose is to inform us about how cold viruses spread. To do this, the author describes two specific ways they spread.

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose More than one purpose Sometimes, writing may blend two or even three purposes.

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose More than one purpose For example, a persuasive article on the importance of avoiding junk food Inform might include a number of facts Persuade Entertain and even some comic touches. But remember to focus on the author’s primary purpose.

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone is a writer’s attitude toward his or her subject

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone is expressed through the words and details the writer selects. A writer’s voice can project one or more tones, or feelings, such as

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Respect Anger Cheerfulness

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Three examples of tone: Statements made by students of a demanding teacher. l She hates students, that’s all there is to it. I can’t wait until I’m out of her class. (Tone: Bitter, angry) l She’s tough, but she’s also really good. I’ve learned more from her than I’ve learned from any (Tone: Fair, objective) other teacher. l I might as well just stop going to class now. I’m never going to understand the material. It’s (Tone: Pessimistic) hopeless.

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone compassionate admiring scornful serious shamed sarcastic self-critica ambivalent alarmed oubtful superior excited ironic curious raising matter-of-fact defensive instructive regretful worried tragic lighthearted sympathetic reverent layful tolerant apologetic isapproving objective critical straightforward informal grateful espectful For a list of more than eighty tone words frightened prideful approving scheming encouraging ccepting see pages 271– 273 in the textbook. self-pityin bewildered threatening despairing onceited optimistic sorrowful forgiving warm orgiving solemn alarmed indignant insulting earful cruel arrogant humorous hypocritical heerful disbelieving determined impassioned calming oving nostalgic bitter concerned sentimental oyous

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone What is tone in this statement? Wal-Mart may create an economic underclass in our l town. Its employees aren’t paid enough to live on, and they have very poor benefits. B. worried C. determined A. encouraging

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone l Wal-Mart may create an economic underclass in our town. Its employees aren’t paid enough to live on, and they have very poor benefits. A. encouraging 3 B. worried C. determined The writer suggests that Wal-Mart’s low wages and benefits may have a negative economic effect on the town. This reveals a worried tone.

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone What is tone in this statement? Wal-Mart may create an economic underclass in our l town. Its employees aren’t paid enough to live on, and they have very poor benefits. A. encouraging 3 B. worried C. determined l Wal-Mart is a fact of life. It’s going to hurt some people, but at least we’ll be able to buy a lot of things at lower prices. B. regretful C. cynical A. accepting

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone l Wal-Mart may create an economic underclass in our town. Its employees aren’t paid enough to live on, and they have very poor benefits. A. encouraging 3 B. worried C. determined l Wal-Mart is a fact of life. It’s going to hurt some people, but at least we’ll be able to buy a lot of things at lower prices. B. regretful C. cynical 3 A. accepting The statement “Wal-Mart is a fact of life” indicates the writer’s acceptance, as does her effort to balance the negative aspects of Wal-Mart with the benefit of lower prices.

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone What is tone in this statement? Wal-Mart may create an economic underclass in our l town. Its employees aren’t paid enough to live on, and they have very poor benefits. A. encouraging 3 B. worried C. determined l l Wal-Mart is a fact of life. It’s going to hurt some people, but at least we’ll be able to buy a lot of things at lower B. regretful C. cynical A. accepting 3 prices. Our local government says Wal-Mart will benefit everyone. That’s a joke. Wal-Mart is mainly going to benefit itself and our local politicians. A. cheerful B. cynical C. threatening

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone l Wal-Mart may create an economic underclass in our town. Its employees aren’t paid enough to live on, and they have very poor benefits. A. encouraging 3 B. worried C. determined l Wal-Mart is a fact of life. It’s going to hurt some people, but at least we’ll be able to buy a lot of things at lower B. regretful C. cynical A. accepting 3 prices. l Our local government says Wal-Mart will benefit everyone. That’s a joke. Wal-Mart is mainly going to benefit itself and our local politicians. 3 B. cynical A. cheerful C. threatening This writer clearly does not believe claim that Wal-Mart will benefit everyone. Her comment “That’s a joke” gives the item a cynical tone.

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone A Note on Irony One commonly used tone is irony.

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone / A Note on Irony involves a contrast between expectations and reality. Expectations » « Reality

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone / A Note on Irony Both language and situations can be ironic. Verbal Irony of Situation

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone / A Note on Irony Verbal Irony What is said contrasts with what is meant. What is said » « What is meant

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone / A Note on Irony Verbal Irony For example, if a telemarketer calls you in the middle of dinner and you say: “I’m so glad you’ve called. I hate eating dinner while it’s still hot. ” you are using verbal irony.

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone / A Note on Irony Verbal Irony The words you have said are the opposite of what you really mean. What is said » « What is meant “I’m so glad you’ve called. I hate eating dinner while it’s still hot. ” “I’m very annoyed you’ve called. I enjoy eating dinner while it’s still hot. ”

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone / A Note on Irony Verbal of Situation Irony What is expected or intended contrasts with what actually happens. What is expected » « What actually happens

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone / A Note on Irony of Situation Example: A city fire fighter What is expected turns out to be » « an arsonist responsible for a string of fires. What actually happens

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone / A Note on Irony Can you explain the irony in this cartoon?

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone / A Note on Irony The irony is that the sign advertising the communication workshop communicates very poorly. It fails to communicate just when and where the workshop will be.

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone