TEMPLATES INTRODUCTION FUNCTION TEMPLATES CLASS TEMPLATES NESTED CLASS

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TEMPLATES INTRODUCTION, FUNCTION TEMPLATES, CLASS TEMPLATES, NESTED CLASS TEMPLATES, STL, www. bookspar. com |

TEMPLATES INTRODUCTION, FUNCTION TEMPLATES, CLASS TEMPLATES, NESTED CLASS TEMPLATES, STL, www. bookspar. com | Website for students | VTU NOTES

WE FREQUENTLY COME ACROSS FUNCTIONS THAT WORK EXACTLY SAME WAY FOR DIFFERENT DATA TYPES

WE FREQUENTLY COME ACROSS FUNCTIONS THAT WORK EXACTLY SAME WAY FOR DIFFERENT DATA TYPES • Each of these functions is designed to handle a a specific datatype. • For different types of variables, only the keyword used to declare variables upon which they work changes. • The algorithm implementation of these functions and structure of the function remains the same. • Eg – function to swap 2 values www. bookspar. com | Website for students | VTU NOTES

A FUNCTION TO SWAP 2 INTEGERS void swap(int &a, int &b) { int temp;

A FUNCTION TO SWAP 2 INTEGERS void swap(int &a, int &b) { int temp; temp = a; a = b; b = temp; } www. bookspar. com | Website for students | VTU NOTES

A FUNCTION TO SWAP 2 FLOAT TYPE NUMBERS void swap( float &a, float &b)

A FUNCTION TO SWAP 2 FLOAT TYPE NUMBERS void swap( float &a, float &b) { float temp; temp=a; a=b; b=temp; www. bookspar. com | Website for students | VTU NOTES

NOTE THAT 2 SWAP FUNCTIONS ARE SAME EXCEPT FOR DATATYPE OF VARIABLES UPON WHOM

NOTE THAT 2 SWAP FUNCTIONS ARE SAME EXCEPT FOR DATATYPE OF VARIABLES UPON WHOM THEY WORK. • C++ provides facility to write a common function i. e. independent of a datatype but embodies common algorithm and C++ on its own creates the actual function as and when the need arises. • Having the code at a common place has advantages 1. Ease in code Maintenance and this facility is provided in form of Templates. • Programmer can create a template with some or all variables therein having unspecified datatypes. www. bookspar. com | Website for students | VTU NOTES

• Whenever the template is invoked by passing arguments of a certain type,

• Whenever the template is invoked by passing arguments of a certain type, the C++ language on its own replaces the unspecified type with type of arguments passed. Such templates can be created for individual functions as well as entire classes. www. bookspar. com | Website for students | VTU NOTES

FUNCTION TEMPLATES SYNTAX FOR CREATING A TEMPLATE FOR A GENERIC FUNCTION template <class T,

FUNCTION TEMPLATES SYNTAX FOR CREATING A TEMPLATE FOR A GENERIC FUNCTION template <class T, …> return_type function_name(T arg 1, …) { //statements } Syntax for a fucntion template www. bookspar. com | Website for students | VTU NOTES

THE TEMPLATE DEFINITION BEGINS WITH A TEMPLATE KEYWORD THAT IS FOLLOWED BY A LIST

THE TEMPLATE DEFINITION BEGINS WITH A TEMPLATE KEYWORD THAT IS FOLLOWED BY A LIST OF GENERIC DATATYPES IN ANGULAR BRACKETS Each generic type is prefixed with a class keyword and , if a template function work with more than one generic type, commas separate them. Hence function template is defined as any ordinary function with return type coming first , followed by function_name in turn followed by a pair of parentheses enclosing the list of formal arguments the function takes. In the least, there should be atleast one formal argument of each one of generic types | Website for within angular www. bookspar. com brackets students | VTU NOTES

TEMPLATE FOR THE FUNCTION SWAP CAN BE AS FOLLOWS : //swap. h Template <class

TEMPLATE FOR THE FUNCTION SWAP CAN BE AS FOLLOWS : //swap. h Template <class T> Void swap(T &a, T &b) { T temp; temp=a; a=b; b=temp; } www. bookspar. com | Website for students | VTU NOTES

SUPPOSE THE FUNCTION SWAP IS CALLED BY PASSING 2 INTEGERS. THE COMPILER GENERATES AN

SUPPOSE THE FUNCTION SWAP IS CALLED BY PASSING 2 INTEGERS. THE COMPILER GENERATES AN ACTUAL DEFINITION FOR THE FUNCTION BY REPLACING EACH OCCURRENCE OF OF T THE KEYWORD INT /*swap 1. cpp*/ Similarly if the function swap is called by passing 2 floats, the compiler generates an actual definition for function by replacing each occurrence of T by the keyword float an so on. /*swap 2. cpp*/ www. bookspar. com | Website for students | VTU NOTES

OBJECTS OF A CLASS CAN ALSO BE PASSED TO THE FUNCTION SWAP. THE COMPILER

OBJECTS OF A CLASS CAN ALSO BE PASSED TO THE FUNCTION SWAP. THE COMPILER WILL GENERATE AN ACTUAL DEFINITION BY REPLACING EACH OCCURRENCE OF T BY THE NAME OF CORRESPONDING CLASS //SWAP 3. CPP • Note – The amount of effort saved in code development is significant development. One definition suffices for all possible types. • Templates are very handy tool provided by C++ for implementing code reusability. • Compiler generates an actual function from a template only once for a given datatype. • Eg – if swap is called by passing integers for first time, compiler will generate the a function definition from its template www. bookspar. com | Website for students | VTU NOTES

SUBSEQUENT CALLS WITH SAME DATATYPE WILL NOT GENERATE THE SAME DEFINITION AGAIN. REASON –

SUBSEQUENT CALLS WITH SAME DATATYPE WILL NOT GENERATE THE SAME DEFINITION AGAIN. REASON – COMPILER FIRST LOOKS FOR AN EXACT MATCH • Reason – Compiler first looks for an exact match to resolve a function call before looking for a template. • If match found, it will not look for template. • Since first call itself generates function definition, subsequent calls don’t do so. • Definition of a function must appear in the header file. Compiler will not generate correct definition www. bookspar. com | Website for students | VTU NOTES

EXPORT KEYWORD PUTS DEFINITON OF TEMPLATE FUNCTION IN A LIBRARY KEEPING ONLY PROTOTYPE IN

EXPORT KEYWORD PUTS DEFINITON OF TEMPLATE FUNCTION IN A LIBRARY KEEPING ONLY PROTOTYPE IN A HEADER FILE. ALL COMPILERS MAY NOT SUPPORT THIS KEYWORD. www. bookspar. com | Website for students | VTU NOTES

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