Temperature Fahrenheit Celsius and Kelvin Temperature vs Heat

Temperature: Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin

Temperature vs. Heat With your neighbor, try to distinguish between temperature and heat. (Qualitatively and Quantitatively)

Thermal Energy (Heat) & Temperature • How would you describe the temperature of a steaming cup of coffee? • If you said it is “hot” do you mean: A) It has high temperature Or B) It has a large amount of thermal energy?

• Let’s think about Temperature and Thermal Energy and see if there is a difference.

Temperature • Operational Definition: Defined in terms of how a property is measured. -Thermometers have a liquid that when placed in contact with another body either expands or contracts. -To be useful, a thermometer needs a scale with major and minor delineations

Celsius • 1742 Swedish astronomer, Anders Celsius used a mercury thermometer and defined his scale in terms of critical points of pure water. Advantages: -Reproducible -Scale of 10 Disadvantages: -Arbitrary zero value -Negative numbers CONVERSION

Kelvin • 1848, British scientist, William Thomson Lord Kelvin developed a scale that relies on the average kinetic energy of atoms. Advantages: -Absolute scale -Empirical -No Negatives -Still a scale of 10 CONVERSION TK = TC + 273

Temperature • Roughly speaking, temperature is a comparative measure of hot and cold • Kelvin is based on measuring the average kinetic energy of atoms in a sample…

Thermal Energy • The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the atoms/molecules in a body. Thermal Energy is also referred to as INTERNAL Energy.

Temperature vs. Heat • Temperature in the basic sense, is a measurement of hot and cold. • Specifically, temperature gives us a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a sample • Heat represents the total kinetic energy of particles in a sample

Temperature Kelvin Degrees Celsius Peak emittance wavelength[65] of black-body radiation 0 K − 273. 15 °C cannot be defined 100 p. K − 273. 14999900 °C 29, 000 km 450 p. K − 273. 14999999955 °C 6, 400 km 0. 001 K − 273. 149 °C 273. 16 K 0. 01 °C Water's boiling point[A] 373. 1339 K 99. 9839 °C Incandescent lamp[B] 2500 K ≈2, 200 °C Sun's visible surface[D][69] 5, 778 K 5, 505 °C 28 k. K 28, 000 °C 16 MK 16 million °C 350 MK 350 million °C 2 GK 2 billion °C 3 GK 3 billion °C 350 GK 350 billion °C 1 TK 1 trillion °C 10 TK 10 trillion °C 1. 417× 10 32 K 1. 417× 10 32 °C Absolute zero (precisely by definition) Coldest temperature achieved[66] Coldest Bose–Einstein condensate[67] One millikelvin (precisely by definition) Water's triple point (precisely by definition) Lightning bolt's channel[E] Sun's core[E] Thermonuclear weapon (peak temperature)[E][70] Sandia National Labs' Z machine[E][71] Core of a high-mass star on its last day[E][72] Merging binary neutron star system[E][73] Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider[E][74] CERN's proton vs nucleus collisions[E][75] Universe 5. 391× 10 − 44 s after the Big Bang[E] 2. 89777 m (radio, FM band)[68] 10, 608. 3 nm (long wavelength I. R. ) 7, 766. 03 nm (mid wavelength I. R. ) 1, 160 nm (near infrared)[C] 501. 5 nm (green-blue light) 100 nm (far ultraviolet light) 0. 18 nm (X-rays) 8. 3× 10− 3 nm (gamma rays) 1. 4× 10− 3 nm (gamma rays)[F] 1× 10− 3 nm (gamma rays) 8× 10− 6 nm (gamma rays) 3× 10− 7 nm (gamma rays) 1. 616× 10 − 27 nm (Planck Length)[76]

Physical Properties that Depend on Temperature

Temperature Scales • Fahrenheit (o. F) • *Introduced in 1724 *Defined by 2 fixed points based on the properties of water (32 freezing pt/212 -boiling point) *First modern thermometer (Hg) Celsius (o. C) *Introduced 18 years later (1742) *Defined by setting boiling point of water to 0 o and boiling point to 100 o *Absolute zero in Celsius is -273. 15 o • Kelvin *Introduced 1848 *Zero point set to Absolute Zero

Converting Between Scales Celsius and Fahrenheit o. C = 5/9(o. F – 32) o. F= 9/5 o + 32

Converting Between Scales Celsius and Kelvin K= o. C + 273

Practice • Convert 32 o. F into Celsius (Proof of Concept)

Practice • Convert 32 o. C into K

Practice • Convert 580 o. F into K