Television Iron canon ball Surveying and mapping Limelight

Television • Iron canon ball • Surveying and mapping • Limelight • Electromagnetic induction • Electric light • Celluloid • Motion pictures • Photoelectric effect • Iconoscope 1

15 th Century- Cannon Fire • First ones shot rubble – very inaccurate. • Latter, the iron cannonball – more precise and accurate. • 1503 – First bastions built in Italy, replacing the fortresses’ vulnerable drum tower. 2

Drum Towers & Bastions • The canon caused the replacement of the vulnerable drum tower with the defensive bastion and shorter slanted curtain walls in the 15 th century. 13 th Century in N. Wales 17 th Century Vienna 3

Iron Cannon Ball • Cannons and cannon balls came in different sizes. • The picture shows 15, 10 and 6 pound iron cannon balls. Mel Fisher’s Museum Key West, Fl 4

Early Survey Systems • 1533 – Gemma Frisius, a mathematician, developed triangulation and a modified astrolab to determine target distance. – It was accurate, but too slow. • 1571 – Leonard Digges developed theodolite which simultaneously measured distance and height. – See modern theodolite 5

Law of Sines • asin A = bsin B = csin C • If A, B and c are 55 o, 71 o & 152 m • A+B+C = 1800 thus C = 54 o • b/sin B = c/sin C b = c x sin B / sin C b = 152 m x 0. 946 ÷ 0. 819 = 175 m Table of sines 6

Triangulation • Using known angles and distance L. • d = Lsin sin( + ) • If and distance L are 35 o, 50 o and 151 m, respectively. • d= 66. 6 m 7

1536 – Henry VIII’s Divorce • Since the church would not recognize his divorce he seized their monasteries and sold their land. This triggered land surveying and more accurate map making. 8

Surveyors & Map Making • 1579 – Christopher Saxton published his artful map of England. • Wars stimulated more maps with roads. • Increased overseas trade required accurate maps since more people were mortgaging their land to finance this trade. 9

More Surveyors & Map Making • John Ogilby – the statute mile, 5280 feet. • 1731 – George Wade built 250 mi. road to Scotland to gain control over Scotland. • 1824 – Began surveying Ireland to better assess taxes on real estate. • 1825 – Thomas Drummond used limelight to solve triangulation problem (Divis, Slieve Snaght & Scotland) in mapping Ireland. 10

Limelight 11

Shortage of Limelight Fuel • Limelight requires pure oxygen and fuel. Prior to refrigeration the best way to obtain pure oxygen was through electrolysis of water, which required much electricity. 2 H 2 O (l) + electricity O 2 (g) + 2 H 2 (g) Water + electricity Oxygen + Hydrogen 12

Generation of Electricity • 1849 – Floris Nollet used Michael Faraday’s 1831 discovery of electromagnetic induction (moving magnet induces electrical energy). • 1870 – Zenobie Gramme developed the dynamo. Producing sufficient AC electricity for the carbon arc-lamp and other electronic lights. 13

Carbon Arc-lamp Carbon arc, not limelight is used in lighthouses 14

1850 – Shortage of Ivory • 1847 – Shoenbein’s accidental discovery of nitrocellulose (guncotton). • 1870 – John Hyatt’s discovery of celluloid. Made from solution of nitrocellulose to make billiard balls. • 1889 – Eastman company produced celluloid film. 15

1853 – Motion Pictures • Franz von Uchatius used projected rapid sequential pictures as artillery training tool. • 1872 – Sequential camera ensemble developed by Muybridge to make sequential photographic images. • 1873 – Eadweard Muybridge’s zoopraxiscope motion picture viewer. 16

Zoopraxiscope 17

Thomas Edison • Invented modern inventing by making it a market driven process. Define the innovation…Establish goals…Assess major stages of development…make data readily available…Every team member has a clear defined area of activity…Record everything. 18

Thomas Edison Marketing • Define market wants and needs. • Define innovation to meet these wants and needs. • Acquire necessary financial support. • Promote the product before final completion. • Roll out the product. 19

Some Edison Inventions • 1877 – Patented his phonograph • 1879 – Developed electric light bulb • 1893 – Invented the kinetoscope, incorporating moving celluloid film pictures and the light bulb for a single viewer. • 1895 – Lumiere brothers invented the motion picture projector. 20

Photoelectric effect • When light hits a metal surface electrons (electricity) is emitted. • This principal was the basis for synchronized sound for movies and TV. It changes light or an image into an electrical signal. 21

Electrons and light • Absorbed energy promotes electrons to higher energy levels. • Electrons falling back to lower energy levels give off a photon of light (energy). 22

Particle/Wave Duality Early Quantum Physics • Light is demonstrated to be a wave in 1803. • Particles behave as a probability until they are measured or witnessed than they behave as a particle. • Einstein, from Photoelectric effect states light behaves as • Reality, mass, particles exist a particle too. as probability until seen or measured to be a particle. • In 1927 electrons were shown to be a particle • Quantum weirdness and a wave like light. • Genesis of QM 23

1884 - Paul Nipkow • The first device for converting a scene into an electrical signal suitable for transmission was a system proposed and built by Paul Nipkow in 1884. • The selenium cells responded too slowly. 24

John Baird • He used a method similar to Nipkow’s. – A mechanical TV • First “Televisor” broadcast was demonstrated in England in January 1926. First photo of TV http: //www. bairdtelevision. com/firstdemo. html 25

1928 – Vladimir Zworykin’s Iconoscope • An image is cast onto thousands of photoelectric cells (pixels). • Each cell giving off electrons proportional to amount of light. • These electrons are scanned to a distant cathode ray tube (CRT) at the receiving (viewer) end. 26

The Iconoscope 27

Vladimir Zworykin Notorious Westinghouse Engineer Hired by David Sarnoff at RCA in 1929. Television became a USA reality in June 1933. 28

Pixilated Image 29

Philo Farnsworth • Demonstrated allelectronic television in 1928 – 20 images/sec – Zworykin’s visit 1930 • Sarnoff’s visit 1931 Who invented TV? 30

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) 31

Liquid Crystal Displays 32

OLEDs • Each pixel uses an organic white LED filtered into RGB subpixels which are selected for color. • This technology is thinner, lighter, true blacks & better contrast • LED/LCD vs OLED 33

What you should know • Connections to map making from cannons, Henry VIII, wars and taxes. • #5 -6 • Connection between cannons and mathematics. • #4 -5 • Architectural changes caused by the cannon. • #3 rosetta-probe-comet-67 p-european-space-agency-landing-video 34

What you should know • What was limelight first used for and how does it work? • Connection between limelight, electricity & electrical generators. • What type of light was eventually chosen for light houses & how did the light work? • Connection between valence electrons and light. • #8 -10 • #10 -13 • #12 -14 • #22 35

What you should know • Explain the photoelectric effect. • #21 • Explain the technical principals of television. • #24 -28 basically light from an image is changed into electricity via photo-electric effect which is broadcast via radio signal and recreated on a receiving CRT, LCD, OLED or plasma display. • What is a CRT? • #31 36