Teledyne Analytical Instruments TELEDYNE AAQMS Systems Analytical Instruments

Teledyne Analytical Instruments TELEDYNE AAQMS Systems

Analytical Instruments for AQMS n CO – GFC 7001 E n NO 2 – 9110 E n. SO 2 – 6400 E n VOC – 4060 n Ozone – 400 E n Particulate Matter (2. 5 & 10) – Beta Ray Attenuation n Zero Air Generator – 701 n Mass Flow Calibrator – 702 E n WMS – Weather Monitoring Sensors n DAS – Win collect 2

SO 2 Analyzer – Model 6400 E UV Fluorescence 3

SO 2 Analyzer – Model 6400 E The Model 6400 E UV Fluorescence SO 2 Analyzer is a microprocessor controlled analyzer that determines the concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO 2) The sample gas, drawn through the sample chamber, is exposed to ultraviolet light causing any SO 2 present to fluoresce. The instrument measures the amount of fluorescence to determine the amount of SO 2 present in the sample gas. The 6400 E’s exceptional stability is achieved with 1 - the use of an optical shutter to compensate for sensor drift 2 - reference detector to correct for changes in UV lamp intensity. 3 - an advanced optical design combined with a special scrubber, called a "kicker" that removes hydrocarbons (which fluoresces similarly to SO 2) prevents inaccuracies due to interferences. PMT: Photo-Multiplier Tube IZS: Internal Zero /Span GLOSSARY p 53 4

SO 2 Analyzer – Model 6400 E 5

SO 2 Analyzer – Model 6400 E UV Fluorescence Ultraviolet fluorescence is a mechanism in which UV radiation excites chemicals in an object and causes them to release visible light. Optical shutter Shutters are used to control the level of light exposure to an optical lens (or lens system) Shutters are manually or motor controlled iris that may be opened or closed to control the level of light that passes through the aperture. Shutters provide an accurate, stable level of light transmission that may be easily adjusted. kicker A special scrubber that uses a mechanism to remove any PNA chemicals present in the sample gas before it the reach the sample chamber. PNA : poly-nuclear aromatics like xylene and naphthalene 6

SO 2 Analyzer – Model 6400 E n UV SOURCE LAMP The source of excitation UV light for the 6400 E is a low pressure zinc-vapor lamp. An AC voltage heats up and vaporizes zinc creating a light-producing plasma arc. Zinc-vapor lamps are preferred over the more common mercuryvapor lamps for this application because they produce very strong emission levels at the wavelength required to convert SO 2 to SO 2*, 213. 9 nm n THE REFERENCE DETECTOR A vacuum diode, UV detector that converts UV light to a DC current is used to measure the intensity of the excitation UV source lamp. It is located directly across from the source lamp at the back of a narrow tube-shaped light trap, which places it directly in the path of the excitation UV light n Photo Multiplier Tube or PMT The amount of fluoresced UV produced in the sample chamber is much less than the intensity of excitation UV source lamp. Therefore a much more sensitive device is needed to detect this light with enough resolution to be meaningful. Therefore the 6400 E uses a PMT for this purpose. 7

SO 2 Analyzer – Model 6400 E USEPA EQSA-0495 -100 CE n Ranges: 0 -5 ppb to 0 -20, 000 ppb, user selectable. Dual and auto ranging n Units: ppb, ppm, mg/m 3 n Zero Noise: 0. 2 ppb (RMS) n Span Noise: ≤ 0. 5% of reading, above 50 ppb n Zero Drift: < 0. 2 ppb/24 hours , <1 ppb / 7 days n Span Drift: < 0. 5% /24 hours, <1 % / 7 days n Lower Detectable Limit (LDL): 0. 4 ppb n Sample Flow Rate: 650 cc/min ± 10% n Linearity: 1% of full scale n Precision : ≤ 0. 5% of reading above 50 ppb n Lag Time 20 seconds n Rise/Fall Time 95% in <100 sec n Operating Temperature /Humidity Range: 5 - 40˚C / 0 -95% RH 8

6400 E SO 2 - Schematic 9

SO 2 Analyzer – Model 6400 E USEPA EQSA-0495 -100 CE 10

11

SO 2 Analyzer – Model 6400 E Some of the features of the UV Fluorescence Sulfur Dioxide Analyzer are: n Standard two year warranty n Microprocessor controlled for versatility n Multi-tasking software to allow viewing test variables while operating n Continuous self checking with alarms n Dual bi-directional RS-232 ports for remote operation (optional RS-485 or Ethernet) n Digital status outputs indicate instrument operating condition n Adaptive signal filtering to optimize response time n Temperature & Pressure compensation n Internal Zero & Span check (optional) n Internal data logging with 1 min to 365 day multiple averages n Critical flow orifices to provide flow stability 12

SO 2 Analyzer – Model 6400 E SPAN GAS SOURCE Span gas is created when zero air passes over a permeation tube containing liquid SO 2 under high pressure, which slowly permeates through a PTFE membrane (Teflon) into the surrounding air. The speed at which the SO 2 permeates the membrane is called the effusion rate(the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of its particles) The concentration of the span gas is determined by three factors: Size of membrane: The larger the area the more permeation occurs. Temperature of the SO 2: Increasing the temperature of the increases the pressure inside the tube and therefore increases the effusion rate. Flow rate of the zero air: If the previous two variables are constant, the permeation rate of air into the zero air stream will be constant. Therefore, a lower flow rate of zero air produces higher concentrations of SO 2. The M 100 E usually has a constant flow rate and a constant permeation rate; hence, variations in concentration can be 13 achieved by changing the IZS temperature.

SO 2 Analyzer – Model 6400 E CALIBRATION GASES 1. ZERO AIR A gas that is similar in chemical composition to the earth’s atmosphere but without the gas being measured by the analyzer, in this case SO 2. If your analyzer is equipped with an IZS or external zero air scrubber option, it is capable of creating zero air. For analyzers without an IZS or external zero air scrubber option, a zero air generator such as the Teledyne API Model 701 can be used. 2. SPAN GAS A gas specifically mixed to match the chemical composition of the type of gas being measured at near full scale of the desired measurement range. In this case, SO 2 measurements made with the Teledyne API M 100 E UV Fluorescence SO 2 Analyzer, it is recommended that you use a span gas with a SO 2 concentration equal to 80% of the measurement range for your application. 14

SO 2 Analyzer – Model 6400 E 3. SECOND LANGUAGE SWITCH API’s instruments can be equipped with a switch that activates an alternate set of display message in a language other than the instrument’s default language. To activate this feature, the instrument must have a specially programmed Disk-on-Module (DOM) containing the second language. 4. SECOND GAS SENSORS In addition to measuring SO 2 the unit can be equipped with an optional sensor to measure a second gas, either oxygen or carbon dioxide. OXYGEN SENSOR (OPTION 65 A) This option is a sensor that paramagnetically measures the concentration of oxygen in the sample gas. CARBON DIOXIDE SENSOR (OPTION 67 A) (NDIR) sensor The optional CO 2 sensor allows the 6400 E to measure both SO 2 and CO 2 simultaneously. This option includes a CO 2 sensor probe, a Logic PCA that conditions the probe output and issues a 0 -5 VDC signal to the analyzer’s CPU that computes the CO 2 concentration 15

SO 2 Analyzer – Model 6400 E PARAMAGNETIC MEASUREMENT OF O 2 The oxygen sensor used in the 6400 E utilizes the fact that oxygen is attracted into strong magnetic field while most other gases are not, to obtain fast, accurate oxygen measurements. The sensor’s core is made up of two nitrogen filled glass spheres, which are mounted on a rotating suspension within a magnetic field. A mirror is mounted centrally on the suspension and light is shone onto the mirror that reflects the light onto a pair of photocells. The signal generated by the photocells is passed to a feedback loop, which outputs a current to a wire winding (in effect, a small DC electric motor mounted on the suspended mirror) Oxygen from the sample stream is attracted into the magnetic field displacing the nitrogen filled spheres and causing the suspended mirror to rotate. Therefore, the amount of light reflected onto the photocells and therefore the output levels of the photocells. The feedback loop increases the amount of current fed into the winding in order to move the mirror back into its original position. The more O 2 present, the more the mirror moves and the more current is fed into the winding by the feedback control loop. A sensor measures the amount of current generated by the feedback control loop which is directly proportional to the concentration of oxygen within the sample gas mixture. 16

SO 2 Analyzer – Model 6400 E 17

SO 2 Analyzer – Model 6400 E 1. DILUTION RATIO OPTION The Dilution Ratio Option is a software option that is designed for applications where the Sample gas is diluted before being analyzed. Typically this occurs in Continuous Emission Monitoring (CEM) applications where the quality of gas in a smoke stack is being tested and the sampling method used to remove the gas from the stack dilutes the gas. Once the degree of dilution is known, this feature allows the user to add an appropriate scaling factor to the analyzer’s CO concentration calculation so that the Measurement Range and concentration values displayed on the instrument’s Front Panel Display and reported via the Analog and Serial Outputs reflect the undiluted values. 2. MAINTENANCE MODE SWITCH The instruments can be equipped with a switch that places the instrument in maintenance mode. When present, the switch is accessed by opening the hinged front panel and is located on the rearward facing side of the display/keyboard driver PCA, on the left side, near the particulate filter. When in maintenance mode the instrument ignores all commands received via the COMM ports that alter 18 the operation state of the instrument.

SO 2 Analyzer – Model 6400 E COMMUNICATION OPTIONS RS-232 MODEM CABLE (OPT 60 A, OPT 60 B, OPT 60 C) RS-232 MULTIDROP (OPTION 62) is used with RS 232 and utilizes both DB-9 connectors on the rear panel to enable communications of up to eight analyzers with the host computer over a chain of RS-232 cables. ETHERNET (OPTION 63 A) ETHERNET + MULTIDROP (OPT 63 C) This option allows the instrument to communicate on both RS-232 and ETHERNET networks simultaneously. It includes the following: RS-232 MULTIDROP (OPT 62) ETHERNET (OPT 63 A) 19

SO 2 Analyzer – Model 6400 E GENERAL OVERVIEW OF HESSEN PROTOCOL The Hessen protocol is a Multidrop protocol, in which several remote instruments are connected via a Common communications channel to a host computer. The remote instruments are regarded as slaves of the host computer. The remote instruments are unaware that they are connected to a Multidrop bus and never initiate Hessen protocol messages. They only respond to commands from the host computer and only when they receive a command containing their own unique ID number. The Hessen protocol is designed to accomplish two things: to obtain the status of remote instruments, Including the concentrations of all the gases measured; and to place remote instruments into zero or span calibration or measure mode. API’s implementation supports both of these principal features. The Hessen protocol is not well defined; therefore while API’s application is completely compatible with the protocol itself, it may be different from implementations by other companies. 20

SO 2 Analyzer – Model 6400 E LEVEL 1 ZERO AND SPAN CALIBRATION A Level 1 zero and span calibration is a simplified, two point analyzer calibration used when analyzer linearity does not need to be checked or verified. Since most analyzers have a reliably linear or near-linear output response with concentration, they can be adequately calibrated with only two concentration standards (two-point concentration). Furthermore, one of the standards may be zero concentration, which is relatively easily obtained and need not be certified. Hence, only one certified concentration standard is needed for the two-point (Level 1) zero and span calibration. Although lacking the advantages of the multipoint calibration, the twopoint zero and span calibration--because of its simplicity—can be (and should be) carried out much more frequently. Also, two-point calibrations are easily automated. Frequency checks or updating of the calibration relationship with a two-point zero and span calibration improves the quality of the monitoring data by helping to keep the calibration relationship more closely matched to any changes (drifts) in the analyzer response. (Linearity : The amount of error change throughout an instrument's measurement range. Linearity is also the amount of deviation from an instrument's ideal straight-line performance) 21

SO 2 Analyzer – Model 6400 E LEVEL 2 ZERO AND SPAN CHECK A Level 2 zero and span check is an "unofficial" check of an analyzer's response. Artificial stimulation of the analyzer's detector, electronic or other types of checks of a portion of the analyzer, etc. Level 2 zero and span checks are not to be used as a basis for analyzer zero or span adjustments, calibration updates, or adjustment of ambient data. They are intended as quick, convenient checks to be used between zero and span calibrations to check for possible analyzer malfunction or calibration drift. Whenever a Level 2 zero or span check indicates a possible calibration problem, a Level 1 zero and span (or multipoint) calibration should be carried out before any corrective action is taken. Subsequent Level 2 check responses should then be compared to the most recent reference response to determine if a change in response has occurred. For automatic Level 2 zero and span checks, the first scheduled check following the calibration should be used for the reference response. It should be kept in mind that any Level 2 check that involves only part of the analyzer's system cannot provide information about the portions of the system not checked and therefore cannot be used as a verification of the overall analyzer calibration. 22

SO 2 Analyzer – Model 6400 E ELECTRO-STATIC DISCHARGE Modern electronic devices such as the types used in the various electronic assemblies of your analyzer, are very small, require very little power and operate very quickly. Unfortunately, the same characteristics that allow them to do these things also make them very susceptible to damage from the discharge of static electricity. Damage to components occurs when these static charges come into contact with an electronic device. Temporary anti-ESD work area n Always wear an Anti-ESD wrist strap when working on the electronic assemblies of your analyzer. n Simply touching a grounded piece of metal is insufficient. While this may temporarily bleed off static n Always store sensitive components and assemblies in anti-ESD storage bags or bins MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES please refer to P 214 of the manual 23

Company Confidential TELEYNE Team Thank you All Company Headquarters: City of Industry, California USA Facility: 60, 000 sq. ft. / ISO 9001: 2008 Founded: 1945 Core Capabilities: Manufacturer of high quality measurement and control instrumentation. Website: www. teledyne-ai. com