Technological Economical and Ecological Role of Agricultural Mechanization

Technological, Economical and Ecological Role of Agricultural Mechanization in Sustainable Viticulture Anıl GÜCÜYEN Department of Agricultural Machinery Ege University Faculty of Agriculture İzmir-TURKEY

Contents • Comperative Values • Climate of Turkey • The Main Prospects and Challanges of the Mechanization • General Analysis of Operational Mechanization Costs • Cultural Operations Soil Tillage Pruning Removing Pruning Waste Fertilization Plant Protection Irrigation Harvesting • Conculusion GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Grape output in 2005 shown as a percenteage of the top producer (Italy 8 553 580 tonnes) Where is TURKEY? GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Some General Indicators • Agricultural area • Use of agricultural area • Agricultural regions • Farm size • Employment • Trade of agricultural goods • Viticulture and Viniculture regions of Turkey • Most important wine varieties in Turkey GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Vineyard Areas of Some Countries (1000 ha) GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Fresh Grape Production of Some Countries 1000 ton GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Climate of Turkey Annual Average Precipitation of Turkey GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Climate of Turkey Long Term Mean Temperature of Turkey GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Climate of Turkey Precipitation Temperature Monthly variation of the temperature and the precipitation GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Avaliable Field-Working-Days in March and April GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Avaliable Field-Working-Days in May and June GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Avaliable Field-Working-Days in September, October, November GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Mechanization as an Instrument for Sustainable Viticulture • In technical perspective, realization of necessary processes in best manner and most appropriate frame, • In an economic perspective, minimization of costs without quality losses and overcoming operational bottlenecks related to planning, • In an ecological perspective, solutions to problems like soil compaction, water management, environmental and residue in spraying. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

The Main Prospects and Challanges of the Mechanization • Reduction of energy consumption • Reduction of fuel consumption • Reduction of time requirement • Reduction of work hours • Reduction of field traffic • Optimum Fertilizing • Optimum Spraying • Optimum Irrigation • Use of spatial data for precise farming • Increasing the farm scale • Increasing the efficiency in machine use GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

OPERATION TIME and (REPETATION) CULTURAL OPERATION General Analysis of Operational Mechanization Costs UNIT COST (Euro/ha) TOTAL COST (Euro/ha) SHARE (%) ( 1€ = 2 TL ) Soil Tillage December-July (6) 21, 5 TL/da 107, 5 €/ha 1290 TL/ha 645 €/ha 36, 3 Pruning December- February (1) 25 TL/da 125 €/ha 250 TL/ha 125 €/ha 7, 0 Transport of Pruning Waste December- February (1) 7 TL/da 35 €/ha 70 TL/ha 35 €/ha 1, 9 Branch Binding December- February (1) 9 TL/da 45 €/ha 90 TL/ha 45 €/ha 2, 5 Green Pruning May-June (1) 13 TL/da 65 €/ha 130 TL/ha 65 €/ha 3, 7 Fertilizing November-March (2) 11, 5 TL/da 57, 5 €/ha 230 TL/ha 115 €/ha 6, 5 Spraying February-July (6) 10, 4 TL/da 52 €/ha 624 TL/ha 312 €/ha 17, 6 Irrigation May-July (3) 9 TL/da 45 €/ha 270 TL/ha 135 €/ha 7, 6 Harvesting August-September 38 TL/da 190 €/ha 380 TL/ha 190 €/ha 10, 7 22 TL/da 110 €/ha 220 TL/ha 110 €/ha 6, 2 3554 TL/ha 1777 €/ha 100 Miscellaneous TOTAL GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Cultural Operations Soil Tillage Pruning+ Green Pruning Transport of Pruning Waste Branch Binding Fertilizing Spraying Irrigation Harvesting Miscellaneous Cost Share (%) 36, 3 10, 7 1, 9 2, 5 6, 5 17, 6 10, 7 6, 2 GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Soil Tillage The in-row and interrow soil tillage is the main operation during the winter, repeated up to 8 times a year for rain water storage, weed control and airation. Conventional ploughs, discharrows, rotary tillers and tineharrows, subsoilers are the most used equipments for soil cultivation. Soil tillage is the most costly operation because of improper machinery and multiple passes. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Soil Tillage GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Pruning There are some differences between the pruning methods in according to production targets and the quality of grapes depend on also pruning efficiency besides other influential factors. Generally hand devices such as knives, scissors and saws are used. This method is simple but is not economic and ergonomic. In last years there is a tendence for electrical-pneumatic-automatic devices for this purpose. They increase the work capacity app. 40 %. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Pruning Self propelled machines and high-tech pruning methods are only suitable for new wine grape plantations and there are few examples in Turkey. First calculations on pruning expences per area show a decrease about 30 -50%, although the purchase price of such system-tractors are rather high. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Removing Pruning Waste The pruning waste is not prefered to be mixed with soil because of bacterial disease danger. Generally this waste is removed with special rakes and trailers. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Fertilization Only in one year fertilizer prices are doubled or even trippled in Turkey. For that reason, distribution of plant nutrients are much more important than ever before. Fertilizer Prices (€/kg) August’ 07 August’ 08 % Increase Amonyum Sülfat (%21 N) 0, 38 0, 76 100 Amonyum Nitrat (%26 N) 0, 34 0, 65 91, 1 Amonyum Nitrat (%33 N) 0, 42 0, 90 114, 2 Üre (%46 N) 0, 63 1, 32 109, 5 DAP (%18 N, %46 P 2 O 5) 0, 75 2, 10 180, 0 Kompoze 20 -20 -0 0, 53 1, 38 160, 3 GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Fertilization As the performance of surface spreaders are not sufficient and not ideal for homogeneus distribution, undersoil fertilization must be prefered. This machine is much more efficient and saves about 30% fertilizer, although the time requirement is little higher. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Plant Protection Generally in small vineyards, hand snapneck pulverizators are used, wheras mainly tractor mounted or trailed machines prefered in larger areas. Pesticide application Herbicide application GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Plant Protection Under the unsuitable conditions, sprayed chemicals do not reach the target surface but pollute air and soil along with economic and ecologic problems. Spraying costs can be reduced up to 60 % with assistance of appropriate design, construction, nozzle type, air velocity and operation pressure. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Plant Protection Special purpose side spraying, or system-tractors and their spraying attachments are not in use, except a few new established vineyards for wine production. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Irrigation The efficiency of irrigation and total costs depend on; • Water source • Irrigation method • Irrigation area GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Irrigation Border irrigation needs much more water, manpower, time and as a result higher cost. Although higher capital demand at the beginning, the water and energy costs of drip irrigation are approximately 20 -40% lower. Moreover this system can be used for fertilization. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Inventive Solutions !!!! GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Harvesting All vineyards in the region are harvested manually. Such rear boxes reduce in-farm transport costs up to 40%, compared to hand-baskets. The vineyards are mostly optimal preperad for harvest operations, but sometimes such unusual bed examples can be seen. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Harvesting For raisin production, the next steps are dipping and drying in open air before industrial manipulations. Also these steps are done manually. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

Harvesting The high-tech in harvesting with various methods have just been introduced to Turkey. Althougt the existed vineyards are not suitable for such solutions, new wine grape farms are interested with these, while the real “Kilogram” or “Hectare” costs are calculated 20 -40% lower and can be harvested just in time. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

CONCULUSION Estimated costs and investment analysis related to the production of grapes highly depend on different single cases. The main bottle-necks in Turkey for higher productivity and lower unit costs are; • Farm sizes are too small, • Farm areas have fragmented structure, • Vine shapes are varying and they have different systems, • In-row and inter-row spaces are variying too much, • Financal instruments for the small-scale farms are limited, which make mechanization really difficult if not impossible. But it must be seen all these discussions are not only for todays questions, but especially for new vineyards of tomorrow, so that we will not have the same problems in the future. GÜCÜYEN, Dept. of Agricultural Machinery, Ege University, İzmir-Turkey

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