Techniques of Flight Instruction Flight instructors should encourage

Techniques of Flight Instruction

Flight instructors should encourage safe flying Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of flight controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making

Obstacles to learning Unfair treatment Impatience Worry/lack of interest Inadequate instruction Efforts not considered and evaluated Physical discomfort Apathy Anxiety Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Unreasonable demands on performance/progress Decrease student motivation Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Students need attainable goals

Obstacles to learning Unfair treatment Impatience Worry/lack of interest Physical discomfort Apathy Anxiety Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Preliminary training is important Present training with sub-goals for each step Avoid unnecessary repetition Advance to next step as soon as goal is attained

Obstacles to learning Unfair treatment Impatience Worry/lack of interest Physical discomfort Apathy Anxiety Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Worried students—not ready to learn Don’t ignore outside issues Use outside interests and enthusiasm Divert attention from worries Prevent flight training-related worries Keep students informed of progress and deficiencies

Obstacles to learning Unfair treatment Impatience Worry/lack of interest Physical discomfort Apathy Anxiety Slows rate of learning Airsickness Resistance develops early Keep students occupied to help Terminate flight Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Dehydration Reduces alertness Slows decision-making Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Heatstroke Inability of body to control its temperature

Obstacles to learning Unfair treatment Impatience Fatigue may not be apparent to pilot until serious errors are made Worry/lack of interest Physical discomfort Apathy Anxiety Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making (normal occurrence) Acute fatigue Inattention Distractibility Errors in timing Neglect of secondary tasks Loss of accuracy/control Lack of awareness of error accumulation Irritability (lack of recovery) Chronic fatigue Not resolved by rest alone Can impair performance and affect pilot judgment/decision-making

Obstacles to learning Unfair treatment Impatience Poorly organized instruction destroys student interest Worry/lack of interest Physical discomfort Apathy Anxiety Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Provide well-planned, appropriate, and accurate instruction Teach for the level of the student Too elementary—can’t hold interest Too complicated—can’t evoke interest

Obstacles to learning Unfair treatment Impatience Worry/lack of interest Limits student’s perceptive ability Slows development of insights Physical discomfort Apathy Anxiety Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Provide comfortable atmosphere Confidence in instructor and airplane

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Discussion of lesson objectives and completion standards, preflight briefing Explanation Demonstration Performance/Supervision Evaluation Positive exchange of controls Base explanations on student’s experience/knowledge Safety procedures Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Encourage students to ask questions Law of readiness

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Show students necessary actions to perform a skill Explanation Demonstration Performance/Supervision Avoid extraneous activity Evaluation Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Law of primacy

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Student practices to learn skill to reach established standards Explanation Demonstration Performance/Supervision Evaluation Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Instructor reviews and determines if student has met objectives Observe, then comment

Obstacles to learning Evaluate and record student performance Demonstration-performance Explanation Demonstration Performance/Supervision Evaluation Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Advise student of progress Point out areas that need improvement Offer suggestions Don’t end evaluation on negative note

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Critical during demo/performance Include procedures for exchange of flight controls in preflight briefing Three-way exchange Always guard controls and be prepared to take control

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Critical phases of flight Ground ops/taxi Takeoff Landing All flight ops below 10, 000 ft except cruise Reduce distractions Model behavior during instruction

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Purpose—to determine that the applicant can cope with distractions while maintaining aircraft control PIC must know when to tell passengers something is too distracting Including DPE Increased risk of entering inadvertent stall or spin

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Maneuvers taught by outside visual references and reference to flight instruments Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Increases aircraft control and performance efficiency Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Procedures See and avoid Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Does not mean student can handle IMC

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Procedures See and avoid Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Brief function of flight controls Expected outside and instrument references

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Procedures See and avoid Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Student needs to look for traffic at all times Develop habit from start of training Correct tendencies to enter maneuvers without checking for traffic Introduce right-of-way rules

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Determines how the student is learning Provide student with something constructive Direction and guidance to raise level of performance Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Demonstrated ability Postflight evaluation First solo flight Correction of errors Normal challenges Landings Practical test recommendations Aeronautical decision making Student must understand purpose of assessment

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Based upon established standards of performance Modify to apply to student’s experience Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Demonstrated ability Postflight evaluation First solo flight Correction of errors Normal challenges Landings Practical test recommendations Aeronautical decision making Consider mastery of elements rather than overall performance

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Demonstrated ability Postflight evaluation First solo flight Correction of errors Normal challenges Landings Practical test recommendations Aeronautical decision making Keep student informed of progress At completion of maneuver, or summarized postflight Use written format Explain performance errors Point out deficient elements Suggest appropriate corrective measures Can use collaborative assessment

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Provide guidance and restraint Student must demonstrate consistent ability to perform all fundamental maneuvers Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Sign-off Determine student is proficient in flight tasks necessary for flight Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Demonstrated ability Postflight evaluation First solo flight Correction of errors Normal challenges Landings Practical test recommendations Aeronautical decision making Be present—answer questions, resolve issues Consider scheduled time

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Demonstrated ability Postflight evaluation First solo flight Correction of errors Normal challenges Landings Practical test recommendations Aeronautical decision making Don’t take controls away immediately Vary performance slightly, combine with other operations, apply same elements to other maneuvers

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Teach student to solve problems Traffic pattern congestion Change in active runway Unexpected crosswinds Student visualizes flight under normal circumstances Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Demonstrated ability Postflight evaluation First solo flight Correction of errors Normal challenges Landings Practical test recommendations Aeronautical decision making Instructor adds unforeseen circumstances and asks for reaction Realistic flying situations Check student’s thought processes

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Full stop landings Help student develop aircraft control Checklist usage Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Aircraft speed and control take precedence Land in first third of runway or go around Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Demonstrated ability Postflight evaluation First solo flight Correction of errors Normal challenges Landings Practical test recommendations Aeronautical decision making Bounce—go around

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Require applicant to demonstrate thoroughly knowledge and skill level for certificate/rating Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Demonstrated ability Postflight evaluation First solo flight Correction of errors Normal challenges Landings Practical test recommendations Aeronautical decision making Flight proficiency endorsement/IACRA signatures valid for 60 days

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Decision-making process Factors affecting decisionmaking Use of resources Teaching pilots to make sound decisions is the key to preventing accidents. ADM—systematic approach to mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to given set of circumstances

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Decision-making process Factors affecting decisionmaking Use of resources Teaching pilots to make sound decisions is the key to preventing accidents. Risk management—decision-making process designed to systematically identify hazards, assess the degree of risk, and determine the best course of action associated with each flight

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Decision-making process Factors affecting decisionmaking Use of resources Teaching pilots to make sound decisions is the key to preventing accidents. Situational awareness—accurate perception and understanding of all factors and conditions within four fundamental risk elements that affect safety before, during, and after the flight

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Decision-making process Factors affecting decisionmaking Use of resources Teaching pilots to make sound decisions is the key to preventing accidents. SRM—the art and science of managing all resources available to a single pilot to ensure the successful outcome of the flight

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Three step process 1. Define the problem 2. Choose the course of action Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Decision-making process Factors affecting decisionmaking Use of resources 3. Implement the decision, evaluate the outcome

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Three step process 1. Define the problem a. Recognize that a change has occurred b. Perceive problem (senses, insight, experience) 2. Choose the course of action Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Decision-making process Factors affecting decisionmaking Use of resources 3. Implement the decision, evaluate the outcome

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Three step process 1. Define the problem 2. Choose the course of action a. Evaluate need to react b. Determine actions that may be taken c. Consider expected outcome and assess risks Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Decision-making process Factors affecting decisionmaking Use of resources 3. Implement the decision, evaluate the outcome

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Three step process 1. Define the problem 2. Choose the course of action Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Decision-making process Factors affecting decisionmaking Use of resources 3. Implement the decision, evaluate the outcome a. b. Determine how the decision can affect other phases of flight Continue to evaluate outcome to ensure it’s producing the desired result

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Decision-making process Factors affecting decisionmaking Use of resources Hazardous attitudes

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Decision-making process Factors affecting decisionmaking Use of resources Stress Physical stress Physiological stress Psychological stress Can impair ability to make effective decisions in flight

Obstacles to learning Demonstration-performance Positive exchange of controls Sterile cockpit rules Use of distractions Integrated flight instruction Assessment of piloting ability Aeronautical decision making Decision-making process Factors affecting decisionmaking Use of resources Internal Ingenuity Knowledge Skill Understanding of equipment/systems Checklists POH/AFM Passengers External ATC AFSS Expose students to ATC Encourage them to take advantage of services