Technical translation is a type of specialized translation

-Technical translation is a type of specialized translation involving the translation of documents produced by technical writers (owner’s manuals, user guides, etc. ) -It can be described as the practical application of scientific and technological information and that is the cause why specific knowledge of subject and relevant terminology is a must in this type of translation.

• The use of acronyms which needs a skilled translator who knows the equivalent acronym of the full form used in the other language. • Knowledge of how to analyze charts and diagrams in order to understand their implications. • Knowledge of computer assisted translation programs and how to use them to present an organized work and build up a translation memory of the field, (E. g. Tradus, Memo Q, Word Fast Professional. . . etc. ) • Faithfulness, accuracy, and awareness that mistakes are fatal in these fields. • Cross-cultural issues. (Some people nod their heads even if they don’t understand then ask the interpreter when they are out of the clinic). • Ethics of translation in regard to privacy and confidentiality. There is a code of ethics which has rules that an interpreter has to follow. (don’t play roles of doctor or nurse or administrator by answering what they should answer even if you know the answer) • Localization of medical material is important to meet the clients’ needs. (if the audience are not known translation should be in the general register)

• We can only translate what we understand. • It needs subject knowledge of the field. • Scientific and technical texts have specific terminology. • Usually this type of text involves an exploration of phenomena or a description of a process which needs the translator’s knowledge and experience of the field. • It needs an imaginative mind of the experiences and applications of the specialized field. • The rapid development of this field requires the translators to update their knowledge and follow up all new concepts and terminologies. (E. g. wiki, tweets, path …etc. )

• VINNELL ARABIA • Biotechnology Companies. • Multinational Pharmaceutical Companies and Manufacturers. • Medical Devices Companies. • Clinical Research Organizations • Saudi Customs

• Universities • Hospitals • Community Service Institutions • The Saudi Electricity Company • Aramco • Food and Drug Authority

• New students to medical terminology are often bewildered by strange spelling and pronunciation. Approximately 75% of medical terms are based on either Greek or Latin. • Basic Elements of Medical Terms: • 1 - Word root. • 2 - Combining form. • 3 - Suffix. • 4 - Prefix.

• A word root is the main part of the medical term that contains the basic meaning. • A medical term may have one or more word roots that refer to body parts. • Combining forms consist of the word root and a combining vowel which is usually, but not always, an “O”

3 -“cardi”---------means heart • Cardiology • Cardiologist • Cardiogram • Cardiovascular ﻃﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﺃﻤﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ (two word roots) “cardio” is a root word “cardi” + vowel “O” [combining form]

4 -“gastr”-------------means stomach • Gastritis • Gastroenteritis ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻌﺎﺀ (two word roots ) • Gastroenterology ﻃﺐ ﺃﻤﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ “gastro” is a root word combined with a vowel “O” [combining form]

7 -“oste”---------------------means bone • Osteomalacia • Osteoporosis • Osteopathy • Osteoarthritis ﻟﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻤﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ Oste /o/arthr/ itis [Word root / vowel] / word root / suffix (meaning inflammation) Combining form

8 -“neur”------------means nerves • Neurology • Neurologist • Neuralgia ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻌﺼﺎﺏ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﺃﻌﺼﺎﺏ ﺃﻠﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ “neuro” is a root word + vowel “O” = combining form

• A suffix is added to the end of a word root or combining form to modify its meaning. • Changing the suffix changes the meaning of the medical term. • A suffix indicates a study, condition, disorder or disease.

5 -“-otomy” -------------means cutting into • Tracheotomy trachea) ﺍﻟﺤﺜﺎﺭ • Gastrotomy (to cut a temporary hole in (incision into the stomach) ﺑﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ • Neurotomy (division of fibers of a nerve) ﺑﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ 6 -“-ostomy”------------------means to make permanent opening • Tracheostomy • Colostomy • Nephrostomy • Enterostomy ﻓﻐﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻐﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﻓﻐﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻐﺮ ﺍﻷﻤﻌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ

13 -“-trophy”-------------nutrition • Neurotrophy • Heterotrophy • Autotrophy ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺗﻐﺬﻭﻱ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ 14 -“-megaly”-----------enlargement • Splenomegaly • Cardiomegaly • Hepatosplenomegaly ﺗﻀﺨﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻝ ﺗﻀﺨﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺗﻀﺨﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻝ Hepat / o / splen / o / megaly (word root + vowel +word root +vowel +suffix)