TAXONOMY The branch of biology concerned with the

TAXONOMY The branch of biology concerned with the classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure, origin, etc.

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BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Two Name • Grouped Naming System 1750 living things by their PHYSICAL TRAITS • Grouped things into KINGDOMS • Gave all living things a two-part name • Provided a ‘universal language’ for scientists when identifying organisms

Each KINGDOM is further classified into more specific groups, much like addresses are organized into smaller categories. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Country State County Town Neighborhood Street House Number

SPECIES

Characteristics of Kingdoms BACTERIA PROTIST FUNGUS PLANT ANIMAL Number of Cells (single/multi) Single (except algae) Multi (except yeast) Multi Prokaryotic/ Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Producer/Consumer Both Consumer Producer Consumer Mobile/Non-mobile Both Nonmobile Mobile Cell Wall (yes/no) Yes No Yes No (Cellulose) (decomposer) (Chitin)

Kingdom Phylum Animal Class Order Family Genus Species Chordate Mammal Primate Hominid Pan troglodytes

Kingdom Phylum Animal Class Order Chordate Mammal carnivore Family Genus Felidae Pantera Species leo

Sunflower Wolf Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species African Elephant Bullfrog Dog Mushroom

A B C D E KINGDOM Animailia Animalia Animailia PHYLUM Chordata Chordata CLASS Mammalia Mammailia Reptilia ORDER Carnivora Cetacea Eusuchia FAMILY Canidae Dolphinidae Hyaenidae Dolphinidae Cercapithecidae GENUS Lycaun Tursiops Hyaena Orcinus Crocodylus SPECIES pictus Aduncus brunnea orca acutus 1. The scientific name is made up of what two classification groups? ______________ 2. What is the scientific name of organism 2? _____________ 3. Which two organisms are most closely related? _________ Why? 4. Which two organisms share the most traits in common? __________ 5. What organism is most distant from all the organisms listed? ________ 6. Organism C and A are related because they share the same__________? 7. Organism E and A are related because they share the same__________? 8. Explain why organism B is like a human. 9. What kind of organism is a Hyaena brunnea? ______________ a Trusiops aduncus? __________

Since the Linnaean system focuses on physical similarities alone…molecular studies (genetic sequences) are not considered. Genetic similarities between two species are more likely than physical similarities to show COMMON ANCESTORY __________________

Revealed genetic differences in the DNA sequences of organisms Classified organisms into 3 DOMAINS • BACTERIA • ARCHAEA • EUKARYA Carl Woese

Cladogram • An evolutionary tree that suggests how species may be related • Over evolutionary time, certain traits in a group of species, or clade, stay the same. Other traits change.

Derived Characters • Derived characters are traits that are shared by some species but not by others • The more closely related species are, the more derived characters they will share • Derived characters are shown as hash marks

Nodes • Each place where a branch splits is called a node. • Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor shared by a clade.

What do the house cat and the turtle have in common? What does the leopard have in common with the wolf? What organisms are most closely related?

INTERPRETING TAXONOMY GRAPHS 1. ______ Dogs belong to the order Felidae. 2. ______ A fox belongs to the phylum Arthropoda. 3. ______ Snakes belong to the phylum Reptilia. 4. ______ Lions belong to the class mammalia 5. ______ All arthropods belong to the Class Insecta 6. ______ All rodents belong to the phylum chordata. 7. ______ All amphibians belong to the class reptilia. 8. _______ All primates are mammals. 9. _______ The class mammalia includes dogs, cats and rats. 10. ______ A lion belongs to the genus Felis. 11. ______ All mammals are primates. 12. ______ Insects and lobsters are arthropods. In each set, circle the pair that is most closely related. 13. snakes & crocodiles | snakes & frogs 14. rats & cats | cats & dogs 15. insects & lobsters | insects & birds 16. lions & tigers | lions & cougars 17. foxes & rats | foxes & dogs 18. cats & dogs | cats & lions 19. List (use species name) all the animals pictured that belong in the Felidae family. 20. The image does not show orders of insects. Suggest three categories of insects that would likely be grouped into orders. Hint: think about what kind of insects there are. Add your three categories to the image. 21. Bonus: Create an addition to the image given the following information. a. Mollusks are divided into three classes: Class Cephalopoda (squids), Class Gastropoda (snails), Class Bivalve (clams and oysters) b. Cephalapods have a few orders, one of which is Octopoda (octopus) and another is Teuthida (squids) c. The scientific name for the common octopus is Octopus vulgaris. d. The scientific name for the common european squid is Loligo vulgaris

A tool used to determine the identity of an organism 1. a. Wings covered by a hard covering (exoskeleton)……. go to 2 b. Wings not covered by exoskeleton……. go to 3 2. a. Body is round shape……Lady bug b. Body is elongated…… Grasshopper Housefly 3. a. Wings point toward the back……… b. Wings point toward the sides…. . Go to 4 4. a. Wings are large and broad……. Butterfly b. Wings are long and thin…. . . Dragonfly

EXAMPLE OF A DICHOTOMOUS KEY MONEY TAXONOMIC KEY 1 A. Metal. . . . go to 2 1 B. Paper. . . . go to 5 2 A. Brown (copper). . . . . penny 2 B. Silver. . . . go to 3 3 A. Smooth edge. . . nickel. 3 B. Ridges around the edge. . . . go to 4 4 A. Torch on back. . . . . dime 4 B. Eagle on back. . . quarter

1. a. Needle leaves b. Non-needle leaves 2. a. Needles are clustered b. Needles are in singlets 3. a. Simple leaves (single leaf) b. Compound leaves (made of “leaflets”) 4. a. Smooth edged b. Jagged edge 5. a. Leaf edge is smooth b. Leaf edge is lobed 6. a. Leaf edge is small and tooth-like b. Leaf edge is large and thorny go to 2 go to 3 _______ Pine Spruce _____________ go to 4 go to 7 _______ go to 5 go to 6 Magnolia White Oak _____________ Elm Holly 7. a. Leaflets are attached at one single point Chestnut b. Leaflets are attached at multiple points Walnut _____________

Considering the levels of classification, explain which organisms share the most traits in common? ____________________________ ______________ Considering the levels of classification, explain which organisms are most closely related. ____________________________ ______________

DO YOU HAVE “CLASS”? What are 2 reasons we classify things? *For order / To find things more easily *To show things are similar Who was the person who named organisms with a two-part naming system? Carolus Linnaeus On what one aspect was the second classification system based? Specific Traits What is the Latin term we use in our naming system to classify/identify organisms? Binomial Nomenclature What are the 7 groups of classification, (from largest to smallest)? Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Which group is the most broad? The most specific? *Kingdom *Species What two groups make up the scientific names of all organisms? Genus and species