Taxonomy of YOU Review Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata

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Taxonomy of YOU Review. • Kingdom: Animalia – Phylum: Chordata • Subphylum: Vertebrata –

Taxonomy of YOU Review. • Kingdom: Animalia – Phylum: Chordata • Subphylum: Vertebrata – Your Class: Mammalia – Cousins Classes: » Agnatha » Chondrichthyes » Osteichthyes » Amphibia » Reptilia » Aves

Taxonomy of YOU. • Kingdom: Animalia – Phylum: Chordata. All Subphyla have a common

Taxonomy of YOU. • Kingdom: Animalia – Phylum: Chordata. All Subphyla have a common ancestor. • Subphylum: Urochordata • Subphylum: Cephalochordata • Subphylum: Vertebrata

Phylum: Chordata • Notocord • Dorsal hollow nerve cord • Gills • Postanal tail

Phylum: Chordata • Notocord • Dorsal hollow nerve cord • Gills • Postanal tail

Subphylum Urochordata: a tunicate or “sea squirt”

Subphylum Urochordata: a tunicate or “sea squirt”

nerve cord notochord gut oral opening atrial opening (water that passed through pharynx leaves

nerve cord notochord gut oral opening atrial opening (water that passed through pharynx leaves this way) pharynx with gill slits

Subphylum Cephalochordata: the lancelet Branchiostoma

Subphylum Cephalochordata: the lancelet Branchiostoma

DORSAL, TUBULAR NERVE CORD PHARYNX WITH GILL SLITS NOTOCHORD tentacles around mouth segmented muscles

DORSAL, TUBULAR NERVE CORD PHARYNX WITH GILL SLITS NOTOCHORD tentacles around mouth segmented muscles midgut TAIL EXTENDING PAST ANUS aorta gonad hindgut pore of atrial cavity anus epidermis segmented muscles Fig. 27. 4, p. 457

Early fossil vertebrates: Haikouella (top), Myllokunmingia (bottom)

Early fossil vertebrates: Haikouella (top), Myllokunmingia (bottom)

A snake skeleton exhibits defining characteristics of the phylum vertebrata

A snake skeleton exhibits defining characteristics of the phylum vertebrata

Agnathans • • • Traits Ectothermic No true teeth (Adonts) Oviparous External Fertilization Gills

Agnathans • • • Traits Ectothermic No true teeth (Adonts) Oviparous External Fertilization Gills 2 chambered heart No scales Paired fins No jaw present Lateral Line System Cartilage skeleton Examples of organisms: lamprey and hagfish

A hagfish

A hagfish

Tentacles Gill slits (twelve pairs) Mucous glands Gill openings (seven pairs) Fig. 27. 7,

Tentacles Gill slits (twelve pairs) Mucous glands Gill openings (seven pairs) Fig. 27. 7, p. 459

A sea lamprey

A sea lamprey

Chondrichthyes • • • Traits Ectothermic Homodont Viviparous, Ovoviviparous Internal Fertilization Gills 2 chambered

Chondrichthyes • • • Traits Ectothermic Homodont Viviparous, Ovoviviparous Internal Fertilization Gills 2 chambered heart Placoid scales Paired fins Jaw present Lateral Line System Cartilage skeleton Examples of organisms: SHARKS, RAYS, SKATES, CHIMAERAS

Cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes): Great white shark (top left), silky shark (top right), southern

Cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes): Great white shark (top left), silky shark (top right), southern stingray (bottom left), blue spotted stingray (bottom right)

Fig. 27. 8, p. 460

Fig. 27. 8, p. 460

Osteichthyes • • • Traits Ectothermic Homodont Oviparous External Fertilization Gills Swim Bladder 2

Osteichthyes • • • Traits Ectothermic Homodont Oviparous External Fertilization Gills Swim Bladder 2 chambered heart No scales Paired fins Jaw present Bony skeleton Examples of organisms: Ray-finned fishes and Lobe-finned fishes

caudal fin dorsal fin muscle segments fin supports brain anal fin pelvic fin (one

caudal fin dorsal fin muscle segments fin supports brain anal fin pelvic fin (one of two) olfactory heart bulb pectoral fin (one of two) urinary bladder anus kidney swim bladder liver gallbladder stomach intestine Fig. 27. 9, p. 461

Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii): yellow perch

Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii): yellow perch

Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii): long-snouted sea horse

Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii): long-snouted sea horse

Anatomy of a trout, a representative ray-finned fish

Anatomy of a trout, a representative ray-finned fish

A coelocanth (Latimeria), the only extant lobe-finned genus

A coelocanth (Latimeria), the only extant lobe-finned genus

Amphibians • • • Traits Ectothermic Homodont Oviparous External Fertilization Lungs, Skin, and Gills

Amphibians • • • Traits Ectothermic Homodont Oviparous External Fertilization Lungs, Skin, and Gills 3 chambered heart No scales Tetrapedal Jaw present Bony skeleton Examples of organisms: TOADS/FROGS, SALAMANDERS/NEWTS, CAECILLIANS

Amphibian orders: Newt (left), frog (right)

Amphibian orders: Newt (left), frog (right)

Frogs

Frogs

Fig. 27. 12, p. 463

Fig. 27. 12, p. 463

“Dual life” of a frog (Rana temporaria)

“Dual life” of a frog (Rana temporaria)

Amniotes • Produce eggs with membranes

Amniotes • Produce eggs with membranes

Reptilia • • • Traits Ectothermic Homodont Oviparous, rare instances of vivipary Internal Fertilization

Reptilia • • • Traits Ectothermic Homodont Oviparous, rare instances of vivipary Internal Fertilization Lungs 4 chambered Heart/3 chambered heart scales Tetrapedal Jaw present Bony skeleton Examples of organisms: TURTLES/TORTOISES, SNAKES, LIZARDS/ LEGLESSLIZARDS /TUATARAS, CROCODILES/ALLIGATORS

A hatching monitor lizard

A hatching monitor lizard

olfactory lobe (sense of smell) forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain regions spinal cord vertebral column gonad

olfactory lobe (sense of smell) forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain regions spinal cord vertebral column gonad kidney snout unmatched rows of teeth on upper and lower jaws heart stomach esophagus liver intestine cloaca

Extant reptiles: Desert tortoise (top left), lizard (top right), king snake (bottom left), alligators

Extant reptiles: Desert tortoise (top left), lizard (top right), king snake (bottom left), alligators (bottom right)

venom gland hollow fang Fig. 27. 15, p. 466

venom gland hollow fang Fig. 27. 15, p. 466

Sea turtle

Sea turtle

hard shell ribs of endoskeleton

hard shell ribs of endoskeleton

Banded gecko, Coleonyx varigatus

Banded gecko, Coleonyx varigatus

Emerald tree boa

Emerald tree boa

Aves • • • Traits Homeothermic No true teeth Oviparous Internal Fertilization Lungs with

Aves • • • Traits Homeothermic No true teeth Oviparous Internal Fertilization Lungs with air sacs 4 chambered Heart Modified scales: feathers bipedal Jaw present Bony skeleton: porous Examples of organisms: WATERFOWL, PEAFOWL, FLIGHTLESS, RAPTORS, ETC

Fig. 27. 16 b, p. 468

Fig. 27. 16 b, p. 468

A small sample of birds: Blue-footed boobies (top left), male peacock (top right), penguins

A small sample of birds: Blue-footed boobies (top left), male peacock (top right), penguins (bottom left), perching bird (bottom right)

Penguin march

Penguin march

Mammalia • • • Traits Homeothermic Heterodonts Oviparous or viviparous Internal Fertilization Lungs 4

Mammalia • • • Traits Homeothermic Heterodonts Oviparous or viviparous Internal Fertilization Lungs 4 chambered Heart Mammary glands (milk production) Modified scales: hair Tetrapedal with minor exceptions of bipedalism Jaw present Bony skeleton Examples of organisms

Name That Class 1. Oviparous 2. No jaw 3. Ectothermic. 4. External fertilization and

Name That Class 1. Oviparous 2. No jaw 3. Ectothermic. 4. External fertilization and lungs 5. Viviparous or oviparous 6. No scales and 2 chambered heart 7. 4 chambered heart and oviparous 8. Heterodont 9. Examples of Amphibian groups. 10. 2 examples of Chondrichthyans.

Name That Class 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Oviparous: All No jaw:

Name That Class 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Oviparous: All No jaw: Agnatha Ectothermic: All except Aves and Mammalia. External fertilization and lungs: Amphibia Viviparous or oviparous: Mammalia, Reptilia No scales and 2 chambered heart: Agnatha 4 chambered heart and oviparous: Aves, Reptilia, Mammalia 8. Heterodonts: Mammalia 9. Amphibians: Frogs, Toads, Salamanders, Newts or Caecillians 10. 2 examples of Chondrichthyes. Sharks, Rays, Skates

Phylogeny of the major groups of extant vertebrates

Phylogeny of the major groups of extant vertebrates