TAXONOMY Naming and grouping organisms based on characteristics
TAXONOMY Naming and grouping organisms based on characteristics and evolutionary history
Linnaeus’s System • 1750’s – Based on Form and Structure Binomial Nomenclature • 2 Part Name • 1: Genus • 2: Species identifier • Capitalize the first part • All underlined or italicized
Modern Classification • Systematics: Classification based on phylogeny • Phylogeny: Evolutionary history of the organisms • Phylogenetic Tree: Shows evolutionary relationship between groups of organisms • Characteristics used: • Fossil Record • Morphology (homologous structures) • Embryological Development • Chromosomes & Macromolecules
Cladograms • A tree made using the principles of cladistics • Group organisms by shared derived characters – feature only evolved within that grouping
Domains • Bacteria (Eubacteria) • Archaea (Archaebacteria) • Eukarya (Eukaryotes) Woese based it on ribosomal RNA
Kingdoms • SIX: • Archaebacteria • Eubacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Fungi
Protists
Plants
Animals
Archaebacteria • Prokaryote • Autotroph or heterotroph • Lives in harsh environments • volcanic hot springs • some can only survive in environments without oxygen • Cell walls have no peptidoglycan • Cell membranes have unique lipids not found in any other organism • Single cellular • More similar to Eukaryotes
Archaebacteria • Methanogens, halophiles
Eubacteria • Prokaryotic • Heterotroph or Autotroph • All over • some found in soil • others deadly parasites • Some need oxygen, others are poisoned by oxygen • Cell walls contain peptidoglycan • Single Cellular • Three shapes! Rods, spirals and spheres Strep throat and E Coli
Eubacteria
Protists Eukaryotic Autotrophs or Heterotrophs Animal Like: Heterotrophs Fungi Like: Absorb nutrients outside of their bodies Plant Like: Photosynthesis Survive in moist environments Many have varied ways of locomotion Very Varied! Cell walls made of cellulose Most unicellular but some multicellular Amoebas, slime molds, paramecium, giant kelp, algae
Protists
Fungi • Eukaryotic • Heterotrophs- Absorb nutrients outside of body • Cell Walls made of chitin • Most mutlicellular but some unicellular • Found on decaying material (decomposers) or on living material (parasitic) • Common molds, Sac Fungi, Club Fungi, Imperfect Fungi
Fungi
Plants • Eukaryotic • Autotrophic • Found in water and on land • Cell walls made of cellulose and contain chloroplasts • Multicellular • Mosses, Ferns, Cones and Flowers
Plants
Animals • Eukaryotic • Heterotrophs • Found all over • No cell walls and no chloroplasts • Most can move for at least a part of their life cycle • Multicellular • Vertebrates and invertebrates • Sponges, worms, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Animal
Dichotomous Key • Way to determine the specific names of unknown organisms • Two part steps (di- means two) Step Part Trait Direction 1 A Size, shape, markings… Go to Step 2… 1 B Naming the second part of the group Go to Step 3… 2 A Now split those from 1 A in two groups 2 B Second group from 1 A 3 B
Dichotomous Key 1. a. 1. b. 2. a. 2. b. 3. a. 3. b. 4. a. 4. b. 5. a. 5. b. 6. a. 6. b. 7. a. 7. b. Has pointed ears. . . . . go to 3 Has rounded ears. . . . . go to 2 Has no tail. . . Kentuckyus Has tail. . . Dakotus Ears point upward. . . . . go to 5 Ears point downward. . . go to 4 Engages in waving behavior. . . . Dallus Has hairy tufts on ears. . . . . Californius Engages in waving behavior. . . . Wala Does not engage in waving behavior. . . . . go to 6 Has hair on head. . . Beverlus Has no hair on head (may have ear tufts). . . . go to 7 Has a tail. . . Yorkio Has no tail, aggressive. . . . Rajus
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