taxonomy How we classify organisms based upon structural

taxonomy How we classify organisms based upon structural similarities and differences

Carolus Linnaeus • The “Father of Modern Taxonomy” • Established methods for classifying and naming organisms that are still used • BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE – Two names

Five kingdoms system • The most general classification – Monera – bacteria – Protist – Fungi – Plants – animals

Kingdom Monera • Prokaryotic – No membrane-bound organelles – No nuclear membrane • Unicellular • Some are heterotrophic • cyanobacteria are autotrophic because they perform photosynthesis

Protists • Eukaryotic – Membrane-bound organelles – Nuclear membrane • Mainly unicellular • Some are heterotrophic and some are autotrophic

protozoa • These do not have cell walls • Examples include ameba and paramecium

Algae • These protists have cell walls and chloroplasts • These protists are autotrophic • Some are multicellular like sea weed!

Blue algae

fungi • Fungi are eukaryotic • Fungi can be unicellular – Yeast and bread mold • Fungi can be multicellular – mushrooms • All fungi are heterotrophic

• A fungus lives on its food source • They absorb the nutrients they need from the environment • Digestive enzymes are secreted into their food source for EXTRACELLULAR digestion • The end products of digestion (nutrients) are absorbed

Plants • All plants are multicellular • All plants are eukaryotic • All plants are autotrophic • Plant cell walls are made of cellulose

bryophytes • No true roots stems or leaves • No vascular tissue to circulate food or water • They are only a few centimeters in height • Must live in a moist area – mosses

Tracheophytes • True roots, stems and leaves • They have vascular tissue to circulate food and water • They can grow to great heights • They can live in many different environments

Animals • All animals are eukaryotic • All animals are multicellular • All animals are heterotrophic

Classification Kingdom – most general Phylum – related classes Class – related orders Order – related families Family – related genus Genus – related species Species – most specific

Species name • Based on a system of binomial nomenclature • The Latin version of the genus and species of an organism – Members of a species must be able to successfully reproduce and have fertile offspring

Human versus chimpanzee • Human – – – – Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominid Homo sapien • Chimpanzee – – – – Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Pongid Pan troglodyte