Taxonomy Classification Kingdoms Chapter 18 Why Classify To

Taxonomy, Classification, & Kingdoms Chapter 18

Why Classify? To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms & group them in a logical manner.

Taxonomy Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. Defined: In other words, naming things.

Systematics Defined: the field that— (a) provides scientific names for organisms, (b) describes them, (c) preserves collections of them, (d) provides classifications for the organisms, keys for their identification, and data on their distributions, (e) investigates their evolutionary histories, and (f) considers their environmental adaptations. Taxonomy Systematics

Why common names don’t work Common names vary among languages. Example: United Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawk United States – Buzzard refers to a vulture Red-tailed Hawk Honey Buzzard Turkey Vulture

Another Example: Dolphin Tursipos truncatus Mahi mahi

Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778) Began taxonomy. l Created the system of naming (nomenclature)we use today. l In taxonomy, a group or level of organization is called taxonomic category or taxon. l

Binomial Nomenclature “Bi” means 2 l “nomial” means name l “Nomen” means name l “clature” means the system of l Defined: In binomial nomenclature, each species is assigned a two-part scientific name. (Genus / species)

Example of Binomial Nomenclature l Polar Bear is Ursus maritimus l Ursus: genus Ursus contains 5 other kinds of bears l U. maritimus: species The Latin word, maritimus, refers to the sea. Polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea.

Definitions to know l Genus: is a group of closely related species l Species: Group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

l Family: Group of genera that share many characteristics l Order: Group of similar families l Class: Group of similar orders l Phylum: Group of closely related classes l Kingdom: Largest taxonomic group, consisting of closely related

Organizing the taxa s g in h t g Domain in A v i l ll Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Here We Go… Polar Bear Don’t write anything yet!! Species: U. maritimus Genus: Ursus Family: Ursidae Order: Carnivora Class: Mammalia Phylum: Chordata Kingdom: Animilia What do these mean? . . . lets see

What they mean Write this! Domain: Eukarya (nucleated cells w/membranous organelles) Kingdom: Animilia (heterotrophic, multicellular) Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates) Class: Mammalia (warm-blooded, hair, & milk) Order: Carnivora (meat-eating animals) Family: Ursidae (bears) Genus: Ursus (a kind of bear) Species: U. maritimus (lives in marine environment)

s g in ) h t ria g te n i v ac i l l b Domain Eukarya (and plants, mushrooms, amoeba l A nd (a Kingdom Animal (and bugs, jellyfish, squid, sea stars) Organizing the taxa Phylum Chordata (and birds, frogs, snakes) Class Mammalia and cows, whales, goats, moose, rats, bats) Order Carnivora (and cheetahs, otters, seals) Family Ursidae (and panda bears Genus Ursus (brown bears, polar bears) Species Ursus maritimus

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Ursidae Genus Ursus Species maritimus

Human Classification Domain Eukarya l Kingdom Animalia l Phylum Chordata l (subphylum vertebrata) Class Mammalia l Order Primates l Family Hominidae l Genus: Homo l Species: Homo sapiens l

In your comp book l Choose ANOTHER organism (non-human) and write its classification alongside the human classification.

How to remember: Da King Phillip Came Over For Green Salad Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Classification

New Species

The Three-Domain System l There are 3 Domains: l l Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya There are 6 Kingdoms: A. Eubacteria D. Fungi B. Archaebacteria C. Protista E. Plantae F. Animalia

The Three-Domain System l There are 3 Domains: l Domain Bacteria l l Domain Archaea l l Kingdom Eubacteria Unicellular/Prokaryotes Cell walls have Peptidoglycan Kingdom Archaebacteria Unicellular/Prokaryotes Cell walls with. OUT Peptidoglycan Domain Eukarya l Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Kingdom Archaebacteria - Unicellular Prokaryote Cell walls with. OUT Peptidoglycan Extremophiles – Love extreme environments like inside the guts of animals, volcanoes, hydrothermal vents, and hot springs Archaea Hydrothermal Vent Hot Spring Volcanoes

Kingdom Eubacteria - Unicellular Prokaryote Cell walls with Peptidoglycan All other bacteria you encounter everyday E. coli Staphlycoccus Streptococcus

Kingdom Protista Video Clip: Amoeba - Unicellular or Multicellular Live in colonies Amoeba Euglena Paramecium

Kingdom Fungi - Unicellular or Multicellular Cell walls made of Chitin Heterotrophs…. they eat! Yeast Mushrooms

Kingdom Plantae - Multicellular Cell walls made of Cellulose Autotrophs…. make their own food Trees & Grass Moss Venus Fly Trap

Kingdom Animalia - Multicellular NO cell walls Heterotrophs…. they eat Worms Insects Jellyfish Giraffes

6 Kingdoms Eubacteria Prokaryote Autotroph or heterotroph Most common bacteria Archaebacteria Prokaryote Autotroph or heterotroph “Ancient Bacteria” Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Eukaryote Autotroph Heterotroph Autotroph/ Heterotroph heterotroph Includes Algae Cell wall w/ Peptidoglycan Live in very hot places Don’t belong in other euk E. ecoli Pyrococcus furiosus Paramecium Release enzymes to digest food Cell walls w/cellulose & Chloroplasts H. coccinea Adiantum pedatum No cell wall No chloroplasts Multicellular Homo sapiens

Write Scientific Names Correctly Genus species l Genus capitalized l Species lower case l Underline if hand written l Italics if typed l = species Genus + specific epithet Homo sapiens Canis lupis Hippocampus erectus

Scientific Name: Genus/species If these three species belong to the same genus, they are descended from a common ancestor. Felis domestica Felis leo Domestic Cat Felis leo Lion Felis margarita Sand cat`

A Problem with Traditional Classification Example: The Crab, The barnacle, & The limpet • The barnacle and the limpet have similarly shaped shells & look alike • The crab has a very different body form • Based on anatomy, the barnacle & limpet could be classified together and the crab in a different group.

Related This incorrect because crabs and barnacles are actually related

Draw this! Crustaceans Gastropods Molted Exoskeleton Segmentation Free swimming Larva Even though they do not look a like, crabs & barnacles are actually related

Classification Using Cladograms Cladogram: A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.

Crustaceans Gastropods Molted Exoskeleton Segmentation Free swimming Larva Using Cladograms, you can see that crabs and barnacles share MORE similar characteristics because they both molt & are segmented

Crustaceans Gastropods Molted Exoskeleton Segmentation Free swimming Larva You can also see that ALL have a free swimming larva stage

Where do viruses go? Viruses: Are particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can reproduce ONLY by infecting living cells. Viruses are made of a core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. These are T 4 Bacteriophage A bacteriophage is a virus which infects bacteria

Where do viruses go? (continued) Viruses are not considered alive because they don’t have ALL the characteristics of life. Example: They can’t reproduce independently These are the Influenza Viruses Influenza or "flu" is an infection of the respiratory tract that can affect millions of people every year.

The End.