Taxonomy CLASSIFICATION AND THE SIX KINGDOMS List all

Taxonomy CLASSIFICATION AND THE SIX KINGDOMS • List all 8 kingdoms (domain included) in order from largest to smallest. Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species • Why is it important to have a standardized naming system? In order to avoid confusion.

Evidence to Classify Organisms � 1. Physical characteristics � 2. Behavioral – breeding behavior � 3. Chromosomes � 4. DNA/Biochemistry

Evidence to Classify Organisms � Physical characteristics a. Structural similarities among species reveal relationships b. The presence of many shared physical structures implies that species are closely related and may have evolved from a common ancestor.

Evidence to Classify Organisms �Behavioral – breeding behavior a. Two species of frogs, Hyla versicolor and Hyla chrysoscelis live in the same area and look similar b. During the breeding season there is an obvious difference in their mating behavior – different pitch rate between the calls

Evidence to Classify Organisms �Chromosomes a. Both the number and structure of chromosomes, as seen during mitosis and meiosis, provide evidence about relationships among species. �For example, cauliflower, cabbage, kale, and broccoli look different but have chromosomes that are almost identical in structure.

Evidence to Classify Organisms �DNA/Biochemistry a. Closely related species have similar DNA sequences and therefore proteins b. In general, the more inherited nucleotide sequences that two species share, the more closely related they are.

Which of the following is NOT a way to determine evolutionary relationships? �A. DNA �B. Chromosomes �C. Taxon �D. Behavioral

Evolutionary Classification �Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities �The evolutionary history of a species is called its phylogeny.

The Six Kingdoms of Organisms �Three main characteristics that distinguish the members of each kingdom a. Cellular type (complex or simple) b. Their ability to make food c. The number of cells in their body

SIX KINGDOMS �ARCHAEBACTERIA (Prokaryotes) �EUBACTERIA (Prokaryotes) �PROTISTS (Eukaryotes) �FUNGI (Eukaryotes) �PLANTS (Eukaryotes) �ANIMALS (Eukaryotes)

Prokaryotic Kingdoms �Prokaryotes - organisms with cells that lack a nuclei bounded by a membrane �Originally the two bacteria were grouped together in one kingdom called Monera. �Now they are separated into two kingdoms: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Kingdom Archaebacteria �Prokaryotic with cell walls Unicellular Chemotrophic, Autotrophic or Heterotrophic �Found in extreme environments Swamps, deep-ocean hydrothermal vents Oxygen free environments �Examples: halobacterium, methanogens and thermoacidophiles

Kingdom Eubacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae) �Prokaryotic with cell wall Unicellular Autotrophic or Heterotrophic �B. Most species of bacteria are in this kingdom �C. Live in most environments �D. Some cause diseases Strep throat and pneumonia �E. Most are harmless and many may be helpful

Kingdom Protista (slime molds and algae) �Eukaryotic with a cell wall Most are unicellular, some are multicellular with cilia and flagella Lacks complex organ systems Autotrophic and/or Heterotrophic �Lives in moist environments (pond water) �Members are very different from one another Some are plantlike (algae) Some are animal-like (protozoa) Some are fungus-like (slime molds)

Kingdom Fungi (mushrooms, mold and mildew) �Eukaryotic with cell walls made of chitin 1. Most are multicellular, some are unicellular 2. External heterotrophs; decomposers

Kingdom Plantae (Ferms, Angiosperms) �Eukaryotic with cell walls made of cellulose 1. All multicellular 2. Autotrophs and photosynthetic 3. No species can move from place to place. �Second largest kingdom �Range from tiny mosses to giant trees �Use of chlorphyll for solar-energy transformation

Kingdom Animalia (Invertebrates and Vertebrates) �Eukaryotic with no cell walls 1. Multicellular with complex cells 2. Heterotrophs with specialized organ systems B. Largest kingdom C. Nearly all are able to move from place to place.

Six Kingdoms Summary �Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria contain only unicellular prokaryotes. �Kingdom Protista contains eukaryotes that lack complex organ systems. �Kingdom Fungi includes heterotrophic eukaryotes that absorb their nutrients. �Kingdom Plantae includes multicellular eukaryotes that are photosynthetic. �Kingdom Animalia includes multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs with cells that lack cell walls.

�Which of the following describes a fungus? A. autotrophic prokaryote B. unicellular or multicellular heterotroph C. unicellular autotroph D. heterotrophic prokaryote