Taxonomy Aim How are living things classified What

Taxonomy Aim: How are living things classified?

What variety! What similarity! ▪ Diversity of Life ◆ ◆ there are so many different creatures on Earth why are there differences? ▪ Unity of life ◆ all creatures have similarities common characteristics ◆ why are they so alike? ◆ Regents Biology

I. What is taxonomy? A. Taxonomy is the branch of biology that deals with the classification and naming of living things.

II. Five Kingdom Classification is based on the following criteria: A. Cytological Information: Cell type (eukaryotic or prokaryotic). B. Body form (multicellular or unicellular). C. Mode of Nutrition 1. Autotroph organisms that produce (make) their own food from simple materials. Ex: plants 2. Heterotroph organisms that obtain their food from their environment.

II. Five Kingdom Classification is based on the following criteria: D. Embryological Information: Similar patterns of embryonic development (development in early stages). E. Biochemical Information: Biochemical similarities (DNA, proteins). F. Structural Information: Similarities in structure. G. Behavioral *Taxonomy suggests that related organisms share a common ancestor. *Need to classify (categorize) organisms to study unity and diversity in an organized manner.

King Philip Can Only Fight Girl Scouts ● ● ● ● Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species

III. The five kingdoms and sub-phyla Kingdom Monera – prokaryotic, unicelluar ** Monerans are the most primitive in this five kingdom classification. Phylum 1. Bacteria - Heterotrophic 2. Blue-Green Algae - Autotrophic

Bacterial diversity rods and spheres and spirals… Oh My! Regents Biology

Prokaryotes ▪ Bacteria one-celled organisms ◆ microscopic ◆ no organelles ◆ ▪ have cell membrane ▪ have DNA most common form of life on Earth ◆ incredible number of different kinds ◆ Regents Biology

III. The five kingdoms and sub-phyla Kingdom Protista – eukaryotic, unicellular Phylum: 1. Protozoa - heterotrophic Ex. Ameba & Paramecium 2. Algae - autotrophic

III. The five kingdoms and sub-phyla Kingdom Fungi - eukaryotic, mostly multicellular Heterotrophic - absorb food from the environment. Lacks chlorophyll. Ex. Yeast, bread mold, mushroom

III. The five kingdoms and sub-phyla Kingdom Plantae - eukaryotic, multicellular Autotrophic - photosynthetic Phylum: 1. Bryophytes - lacks vascular (veins) tissue. No true roots. Ex. Moss

III. The five kingdoms and sub-phyla 2. Tracheophytes - possess vascular (veins) tissue Ex. Ferns, maple & pine trees, corn geranium

III. The five kingdoms and sub-phyla Kingdom Animalia – eukaryotic, multicellular Heterotrophic – must ingest food Phylum: 1. Coelenterates - 2 cell layer, hollow body cavity, radial symmetry Ex. Hydra, jellyfish

III. The five kingdoms and sub-phyla 2. Annelids - segmented body walls, tube with in a tube body structure. Ex. Earthworm, sandworm

III. The five kingdoms and sub-phyla 3. Arthropods - jointed appendages, exoskeleton, segmented bodies Ex. Grasshopper, lobster, spider

III. The five kingdoms and sub-phyla 4. Chordates – backbone (endoskeleton) dorsal (back) nerve cord Ex. Shark, frog, human

IV. Chordates (Classes): A. Fish - overlapping scales, 2 chambered hearts, cold blooded Ex. Salmon, snapper, shark

IV. Chordates (Classes): B. Amphibians - land/water animals, 3 chambered hearts, cold blooded Ex. Frog, salamander

IV. Chordates (Classes): C. Reptiles - scales side by side, 3 chambered hearts, cold blooded. Ex. Snake, lizard

IV. Chordates (Classes): D. Birds - 4 chambered hearts, feathers, hollow bones, warm blooded. Ex. Eagle, blue jay, Tweetie

IV. Chordates (Classes): E. Mammals - 4 chambered hearts, warm blooded, milk glands to feed young, hair Ex. Lion, dog, horse, human

Carolus Linnaeus ▪ The Linnean system proposed in 1700 s ◆ each species has a 2 part name ◆ ▪ genus ▪ species Homo sapiens Regents Biology

Latin binomial ▪ 2 part scientific name ◆ Genus — larger group to which organism belongs ▪ always capitalized ◆ species — specific name for that organism ▪ always lowercase Example: Homo sapiens ▪ means “wise man” Regents Biology

Genus groupings ▪ Classify organisms into broader groups ▪ Species that are closely related are grouped into the same genus Leopard ◆ African lion ◆ Tiger ◆ Regents Biology Panthera pardus Panthera leo Panthera tigris

May look ALIKE, but can not mate with each other Common Name: cheetah Scientific name: Acinonyx jubatus Regents Biology Common Name: panther Scientific name: Panthera pardus

V. Classification of Humans Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordates Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo species: sapiens