Taq Polymerase By Rachel and Justin General Protein

Taq Polymerase By: Rachel and Justin

General Protein Synthesis http: //gleesonbiology. pbworks. com/w/page/7537902/M 4

1. RNA is copied from DNA through transcription – a process by which the double helix strand is unwound, then copied onto a strand of RNA http: //hyperphysics. phyastr. gsu. edu/hbase/organic/transcription. html

1. 2. 3. 4. That m. RNA then travels outside of the nucleus and into a ribosome The ribosome is like a translator to translate the m. RNA into a polypeptide chain. t. RNA with an amino acid on one end, and an anticodon on the other, enters the ribosome, and matches with the m. RNA, copied from the DNA. As the anticodons and codons match up, the amino acids break away in a polypeptide chain. http: //www. biologycorner. com/bio 2/gene tics/notes_transcription_translation. html

Enzymes � Enzymes catalyze specific reactions. Each one has an active site that perfectly fits the substrate that the enzyme catalyzes the reaction for. Basically Form Fits Function http: //www. buzzle. com/articles/how-do -enzymes-work. html

Taq Polymerase � Taq Polymerase is a protein composed of a single polypeptide chain consisting of 832 amino acids, taken from the bacterium Thermus Aquaticus, which is thermophilic, meaning it its optimal temperature is extremely high for living organisms; about 75 -80°. Bacterium Thermus Aquaticus http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Taq_polymerase http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Thermus_aq uaticus. JPG

Structure � � It has three domains; a 5′ to 3′ nuclease domain An inactive 3′ to 5′ exonuclease domain And a 5′ to 3′ polymerase domain The inactive exonuclease domain and the polymerase domain together are called the Klentaq fragment. • http: //www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/8717047 • http: //sthor. myweb. uga. edu/bcmb 8010/report. pdf

Metabolic/Physiological Function � � The “palm” section catalyzes the phosphoryl transfer reaction, the transfer of the phosphoryl group (PO 3) from a phosphate ester or anhydride to a nucleophile The “fingers” interact with the incoming nucleoside triphosphate and the template it is being matched to The “thumb” helps to position the oncoming DNA and enzyme in order to properly carry out the function The “wrist” section is basically the nuclease domain • http: //sthor. myweb. uga. edu/bcmb 8010/report. pdf • http: //www. els. net/Wiley. CDA/Els. Article/ref. Ida 0000608. html

History Thermus Aquaticus was unintentionally discovered by Thomas D. Brock when he was examining mushroom samples from Yellowstone National Park � Taq polymerase was discovered in the 1980’s by Kary Mullis in 1983 when he was adding DNA polymerase to various strands of DNA which greatly increased the amount of strands presents. � • http: //www. genetics. org/content/146/4/1207. full. pdf • http: //sthor. myweb. uga. edu/bcmb 8010/report. pdf • http: //pl. wikipedia. org/wiki/Kary_Mullis

Industrial Purposes - PCR � � Taq polymerase can withstand temperatures needed to produce the best effects in this machine, so scientists can run many PCR cycles automatically. PCR involves denaturing, annealing and replication steps, usually repeated 20 to 30 times. Denaturing separates the double-stranded DNA into single strands. In the annealing step, primers bind to the segments of DNA to be copied. Taq polymerase goes to work in the replication step: the polymerase builds each single strand of DNA marked by a primer into a new, double-stranded DNA segment. Genetic testing Infectious disease applications- PCR is used in slow growing bacteria to allow more DNA to be tested for research http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Applications_of_PCR

PCR Uses � � � Genetic testing Infectious disease applications. PCR is used in slow growing bacteria to allow more DNA to be tested for research Organ transplantation Tissue typing Genetic fingerprinting in forensics • http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Applications_of_PCR • http: //www. whitcoulls. co. nz/book/organtransplants/5730966/

Catalyzed Reaction � � Taq Polymerase catalyzes reactions in the nucleus, pertaining to DNA replication and repairs Taq polymerase utilizes a DNA polymerase domain to catalyze the addition of d. NTP to the 3′ hydroxyl terminus of an RNA primer and a 5′ nuclease domain to cleave the downstream, single-stranded 5′ nucleotide displaced by the growing upstream strand http: //www. pnas. org/content/102/49/17646. long

Video � http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_PRUf. JBzu -A Better explanation here, trust us.

Environmental Factors � � Taq polymerase can function at very high temperatures. Sometimes low temperatures cause this enzyme to denature or not function properly. Some bacteria is harmful to the function of this enzyme Melanin can also affect it Some types of dye or fabrics also inhibit taq polymerase’s function http: //www. nfstc. org/pdi/Subject 03/pdi_s 03_m 01_02. htm

Conclusion � Taq Polymerase is used in DNA replication and repairs. It follows the normal function of all enzymes. Taq Polymerase catalyzes the DNA reactions. It is used industrially by the PCR, or the Polymerase Chain Reaction, which is used for genetic testing, fingerprint testing, organ testing, and infection diagnosing. Overall, this enzyme is very useful and helpful in today’s world.