Talcott Parsons Born 1902 Died 1979 Education Undergraduate

Talcott Parsons Born 1902 - Died 1979 • Education – Undergraduate work at Amherst University in biology and medicine – Studied economics in the London School of Economics • Strongly influenced by the social anthropologist Brownislaw Malinowski (a functionalist) – Attended Heidelberg University, in Germany, on an educational exchange • Alfred Weber (Max Weber’s brother) was his primary teacher • Also sat under the instruction of Karl Mannheim Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 1

Talcott Parsons • Harvard Professor of Economics, and then Sociology, 1927 -1973 • Founded the Department of Social Relations combining Sociology, Anthropology, and Psychology, 1944 • Key works: The Structure of Social Action (1937) The Social System (1951) Social Structure and Personality (1964) The System of Modern Societies (1971) The Structure and Change of the Social System (1983) Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 2

Talcott Parsons and Grand Theory • “The dominant figure in American sociology – if not worldwide – from the mid-1940’s to the mid-1970’s. ” (Bell, 1979) • “Talcott Parsons was probably the most prominent theorist of this time, and it is unlikely that any one theoretical approach will so dominate sociological theory again. ” (Turner 1998) • “Parsons’ theory of society is plagued by an absence of clarity. His work abounds with ambiguities in both semantics and syntax. ” (Perdue, 1986) Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 4

Talcott Parsons: The Structure of Social Action • Voluntaristic Theory of Action – Involves these basic elements • Actors are individual persons • Actors are viewed as goal seeking • Actors also possess alternative means to achieve goals Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 6

Talcott Parsons: The Structure of Social Action • Actors are confronted with a variety of situational conditions, such as their own biological makeup and heredity as well as various external ecological constraints, that influence the selection of goals and means. • Actors are governed by values, norms, and other ideas such that these ideas influence what is considered a goal and what means are selected to achieve it. • Action involves actors making subjective decisions about the means to achieve goals, all of which are constrained by ideas and situational conditions. Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 8

Talcott Parsons: The Social System How do social systems survive? More specifically, why do institutionalized patterns of interactions persist? Parsons, Talcott. 1951. The Social System. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press. Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 11

Talcott Parsons: The Social System The Four Functional Imperatives • Adaptation – Involves securing sufficient resources from the environment and then distributing these throughout the system • Goal Attainment – Refers to establishing priorities among system goals and mobilizing system resources for their attainment Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 12

Talcott Parsons: The Social System • Integration – Denotes coordinating and maintaining viable interrelationships

Talcott Parsons: The Social System • Latency – Embraces two related problems • Pattern Maintenance – Pertains to how to ensure that actors in the social system display the appropriate characteristics » Motives » Needs » Role-playing • Tension Management – Concerns dealing with the internal tensions and strains of actors in the social system Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 14

ACTION SYSTEMS within PARSONS’ AGIL MODEL ADAPTATION GOAL ATTAINMENT Economic: Energy for Environmental Interactions Political: Selective Group-Determination INTEGRATION LATENT PATTERN MAINTENANCE & TENSION MANAGEMENT Cultural-Legal System: Institutions of socialization and social control Kinship (family) System: Values and Norms, Beliefs and Ideologies Bare Materials (Human Nature)

Talcott Parsons: The Social System Here are several illustrations of how the Four Functional Imperatives can illustrate the workings of social systems: Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 16

A U. S NAVAL DESTROYER AS A SOCIAL SYSTEM: GOAL ATTAINMENT comprises the activities related to sinking enemy ships as when all hands are at battle stations. ADAPTATION involves keeping the ship afloat and operating – repairs, drills, recruitment and training of personnel. INTEGRATION is the maintenance of smooth relations between the various departments – gunnery, supply, engineering, and so on, in order to reduce jealousy and enhance cooperation. LATENT PATTERN MAINTENANCE & TENSION MANAGEMENT involves the efforts of each crew member to reconcile the goals and standards of the ship with those of his/her other roles – husband, wife, son, daughter, father, mother, church member, ethnic group, etc.

The WNBA as a Social System Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by

The WNBA as a Social System How to Integrate the WNBA into the United States’ Sports Consciousness • Adaptation – Resources are allocated to the WNBA • The United States is evaluated as ready for a women’s league similar to the NBA • Resources are deliberately allocated to help give the WNBA a structure similar to the NBA • Return on those allocated resources will not be immediate Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 19

The WNBA as a Social System • Goal Attainment – Priorities are developed to insure goals are attained • Media space (television) is given to the WNBA even though the audience is not yet fully developed • Integration – Coordinating various relationships within the sports world Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 20

The WNBA as a Social System • Latency (after the WNBA is integrated into the nation’s sports consciousness) – Pattern Maintenance • Establishing proper roles and motives – Tension Management • Dealing with internal tensions and strains of actors in the social system Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 21

The WNBA as a Social System If any of the four components “failed, ” then the WNBA will not be “integrated” into the social system of organized professional athletics the United States. Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 22

The WNBA as a Social System If any of the four components “failed, ” then the WNBA will not be “integrated” into the social system of organized professional athletics the United States. Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 23

PARSONS’ MODEL OF SOCIAL CHANGE (countering the systemic tendency toward equilibrium) SUB GROUP ORGANIZATION • Emergence of expressive leadership S: Situation (chaotic, unstable) I: Individual (charismatic leader) S: Symbols (resonating with previous traditions) A: Audience (marginal, experiencing anomie) • Creation of alternative set of normative expectations and sanctions • Evasion of current cultural sanctions INCREASED SOCIAL STRAIN • Critical mass • Dissatisfaction • Value inconsistencies

PARSONS’ MODEL OF SOCIAL CHANGE (countering the systemic tendency toward equilibrium) RECONNECTION TO THE DOMINANT SOCIAL SYSTEM • Introduction of internal discipline • Institutionalization of new core values • Adaptive concessions to external realities DEVELOPMENT OF MEANINGFUL IDEOLOGY • Acceptable claim to legitimacy • Symbols with wide appeal • Coherent • Relevant

Talcott Parsons: The System of Modern Societies A historical study of societal evolution as evident in the stages of systematic development within Western history. Parsons, Talcott. 1971. The System of Modern Societies. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 26

Talcott Parsons: The System of Modern Societies • Era One: Premodern Foundations of Modern Societies – The Christian church was the first crucible for Western culture – Rome--created a highly developed system of law – Medieval society gave witness to the decline of tribalism and the rise of feudalism Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 27

Talcott Parsons: The System of Modern Societies – From feudalism to a differential and interdependent division of labor that marked the European system. – During this process, feudal institutions came to be replaced by early capitalism with some growing centralization of political power. – Then came the Renaissance and the development of secular culture within the framework of a still vibrant religious order. – Reformation: During this period, the priesthood began to lose its exclusive entitlement to the keys to the kingdom, an event that signaled the advent of individualism Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 28

Talcott Parsons: The System of Modern Societies • Era Two: First Crystallization of the Modern System – Centered in the European northwest (England, France, and Holland), which saw the centralization of a form of state power and the establishment of mercantile capitalism. One noteworthy development here was the coming of a pluralist political system in England. Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 29

Talcott Parsons: The System of Modern Societies • Era Three: Age of Revolutions – During this time, the industrial revolution featured the expansion of financial markets, while the democratic revolution saw the spreading of the differentiation of rule by people throughout Western Europe. Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 30

Talcott Parsons: The System of Modern Societies • Era Four: New Lead Society – Parsons argued that the promise of the industrial and democratic revolutions could not be realized in Europe because of its aristocratic, stratified, and monarchal traditions. Primarily because of the lack of such restrictions, together with its educational revolution and political pluralism, the “new lead society” is (for Parsons) the United States. It is here that Parsons located the highest form of general adaptation, the embodiment of the evolutionary principle that drives systems and systematic theories. Tuesday, October 26, 2021 © 1998 -2006 by Ronald Keith Bolender 31