TAKS REVIEW THINGS I SHOULD KNOW BETTER KNOW

TAKS REVIEW “THINGS I SHOULD KNOW, BETTER KNOW, BUT CAN’T REMEMBER!!”

OBJECTIVE 1: HOW DID THE U. S. DEVELOP INTO A WORLD POWER? SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE DATES: 1776, 1787, 1861 -1865, 1898, 1914 -1918, 1929, 19411945

1776: *THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE –SIGNED JULY 4 TH 1776 1787: *U. S. CONSTITUTION WRITTEN IN PHILADELPHIA. CREATES FEDERAL GOVT.

REVOLUTIONARY ERA: 1. WHY DID WE REBEL AGAINST THE BRITISH? 2. *IMPOSING TAXES W/OUT APPROVAL 3. *FORCING COLONISTS TO HOUSE BRITISHS SOLDIERS 4. *DENY TRIAL BY JURY

*TRADING W/OTHER NATIONS PROHIBITED *DENIED REPRESENTATION IN PARLIAMENT PEOPLE: GEORGE WASHINGTONGeneral, President of constitutional convention, 1 st President 17891797

THOMAS JEFFERSON: Author of Dec. of Independence, Gov. of Virginia, minister to France, sec. of state, President 1801 -1809. Authorized the Louisiana Purchase as president.

1 st attempt at a federal govt. : ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 1777. IN EFFECT 1781. WEAKNESSES: CONGRESS COULD NOT: -REGULATE TRADE BETWEEN STATES -IMPOSE TAXES -AMEND THE ARTICLES W/OUT APPROVAL OF ALL 13 STATES

2 nd attempt of a fed. Govt. : U. S. CONSTITUTION 1787 -TOOK 9 / 13 STATES TO APPROVE -2 GROUPS APPEAR : FEDERALISTS-SUPPORTED THE CONSTITUTION (strong natl. govt) ANTI-FREDERALISTS-OPPOSED (wanted more power to states)

COMPROMISE: BILL OF RIGHTSFIRST 10 AMENDMENTS ADDED TO THE CONSTITUTION.

1861 -1865: CIVIL WAR *SOUTH CREATES CONFEDERACY -1861 *LINCOLN ELECTED PRESIDENT 1861 *CONFEDERATES BOMB FT. SUMTER 1861 *EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION ISSUED BY LINCOLN 1863

*BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG WON BY THE NORTH – 1863 *CONFEDERATE R. E. LEE SURRENDERS TO GRANT AT APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE 1865 *LINCOLN ASSASSINATED IN W. D. C APRIL 14, 1865

1898: SPANISH AMERICAN WAR *U. S. S. MAINE BLOWS UP STARTING THE SPANISHAMERICAN WAR *TREATY SIGNED U. S. / SPAINCUBA FREE, PUERTO RICO, GUAM, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ARE U. S. TERRITORIES

THEODORE ROOSEVELT: HOW DID HE INCREASE THE POWER OF THE U. S. ? *PANAMA CANAL-STARTED THE PROJECT 1904 -1914 *ROOSEVELT COROLLARY-OPPOSE ANY ATTEMPTS BY EUROPE TO MOVE/ OR TO INTERVENE IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.

*RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 1904 NEGOTIATED AN END TO THE WAR, RECEIVED NOBEL PEACE PRIZE. *GREAT WHITE FLEET 1907 SHOWED OFF THE POWER OF U. S. W/ THE U. S. NAVY WORLD TOUR.

1914 -1918: WWI *ARCHDUKE FERDINAND ASSASSINATED. STARTS WWI. 1914 *GERMANY USES UNRESTRICTED SUB WARFARE 1917. SENDS ZIMMERMANN NOTE TO MEXICO *U. S. DECLARES WAR ON GERMANY 1917

*ARMISTICE SIGNED NOV. 11, 1918 *TREATY OF VERSAILLESFLAWS: -BLAMED GERMANY FOR WAR -REQUIRED TO PAY WAR DAMAGES -U. S. NEVER SIGNS TREATY OR JOINS LEAGUE OF NATIONS

1929: *U. S. STOCK MARKET CRASHES, BEGINNING OF GREAT DEPRESSION. 20’S OVERVIEW: -ECONOMY: PROSPERITY -PRESIDENTS: HARDING, COOLIDGE, HOOVER ALL PRO-BUSINESS

-HENRY FORD: AUTOMOBILE, MASS PRODUCTION -WOMEN: SUFFRAGE, 19 TH AMENDMENT, FLAPPERS -RED SCARE: IMMIGRANTS, UNIONS ARRESTED / HARASSED

-18 TH AMENDMENT: PROHIBITION PROBLEMS- ORGANIZED CRIME, REPEALED BY 21 ST AMENDMENT

1941 -1945: WWII *PEARL HARBOR BOMBED BY JAPANESE. U. S. ENTERS WWII. 1941 *ALLIES: U. S. , G. BRITAIN, SOVIET UNION *AXIS: GERMANY, ITALY, JAPAN

THEATERS: EUROPEAN THEATER: *JUNE 6, 1944 - D-DAY, NORMANDY INVASION *HOLOCAUST – 6 MILLION JEWS, + OTHERS MURDERED BY THE NAZIS.

PACIFIC THEATER: *BATTLE OF CORAL SEAENEMIES NEVER SEE EACH OTHER *ISLAND HOPPING – STRATEGY , LAND ON ISLANDS STRATEGICALLY IMPORTANT. *BATTLE OF MIDWAY – TURNING POINT OF WAR

*GERMANY SURRENDERS 1945 *U. S. DROPS ATOMIC BOMBS ON HIROSHIMA, NAGASAKI, ENDS WWII. 1945 *EMBARRASSEMENT: JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS. (100, 000 JAPANESE AMERICAN)

COLD WAR: DEF: STRAINED RELATIONS BETWEEN THE U. S. / SOVIET UNION *GERMANY SPLIT INTO 4 ZONES, BERLIN SPLIT INTO 4 ZONES

MAJOR EVENTS: *TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947: PREVENT OVERTHROW OF DEMOCRATIC GOVTS. (GREECE /TURKEY) *MARSHALL PLAN: ’ 48 -’ 51 $ AID TO EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. RUSSIA REFUSES. STOPPED COMMUNISM.

*BERLIN BLOCKADE/ AIRLIFT: ’ 48 -’ 49 SOVIETS BLOCK BERLIN. U. S. RESPOND W/AIRLIFT SUPPLIES *NATO – ’ 49 : U. S. & ALLIES PLEDGE MUTUAL PROTECTION. *MCCARTHYISM ’ 50 -’ 54 : RED SCARE, SUSPECTED 100’S OF COMMUNISM. ALL UNPROVEN.

*SPUTNIK ’ 57 : 1 ST ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE INTO SPACE. PROVED WE WERE BEHIND. U. S. CREATES NASA. KOREAN WAR: 1950 -1953 NORTH – COMMUNIST SOUTH – NONCOMMUNIST

JUNE ’ 50 – NORTH KOREA INVADES SOUTH KOREA. CHINA JOINS NORTH KOREA. U. N. & U. S. JOIN TOGETHER TO PROTECT SOUTH KOREA. CEASE FIRE IN 1953, NEITHER SIDES WINS. STILL SPLIT AT 38 TH PARALLEL.

VIETNAM WAR: *FRENCH COLONY TILL ’ 54. DEFEATED BY THE VIETMINH. *VIETNAM DIVIDED AT 17 TH PARALLEL. NORTH COMMUNIST, SOUTH NONCOMMUNIST. *NORTH VIETNAMESE + VIETCONG (SOUTHERNERS) START WAR TO TAKE THE

U. S. GETS INVOLVED ’ 64 -73. WHY? DOMINO THEORY, IF VIETNAM FALLS, OTHERS WILL FOLLOW. U. S. WITHDRAWS ’ 73 , SOUTH VIETNAM FALLS TO COMMUNISM. 58, 000 AMERICANS DIE.

OBJECTIVE 2 – HOW HAS GEOGRAPHY INFLUENCED HISTORICAL EVENTS? PANAMA CANAL: CANAL ACROSS C. AMERICA WOULD SHORTEN TRIP FROM COAST TO COAST. 1898 DESIRE WAS GREATER. WHY PANAMA? ISTHMUS OF PANAMA NARROWEST POINT.

IMMIGRATION / MIGRATION: IMMIGRATION 1800’S-1900’S *1865 -1890 -10 MILLION FROM NORTHERN / WESTERN EUROPE. *1890 -1914 - 15 MILLION FROM SOUTHERN / EASTERN EUROPE. *1900’S – PEOPLE FROM RURAL TO URBAN AREAS.

EX. : GREAT MIGRATION, AF. AMERICANS MOVED FROM THE SOUTH TO NORTH. WHY? -JIM CROW LAWS -DENIED VOTING -SEGREGATION POSITIVE RESULT: HARLEM RENAISSANCE-ART / CULTURAL MOVEMENT.

THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE: DEF: MOVEMENT OF PLANTS /ANIMALS BETWEEN EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, NORTH & SOUTH AMERICA. *STARTED 1492 *SPATIAL DIFFUSIONPROCESS OF PEOPLE, THINGS, OR IDEAS SPREADING THROUGH GEOGRAPHIC SPACE.

TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS: AUTOMOBILE: FREEDOM TO TRAVEL, HIGHWAYS, GAS, STEEL, RUBBER, GLASS, GAS STATIONS. WWII- GAVE US COMPUTER AND RADAR

OBJECTIVE 3: HOW HAS OUR COUNTRY DEALT WITH SOCIAL / ECONOMIC ISSUES? *RAILROADS: 1869 TRANSCONTINENTAL RR: BENEFITS – TRANSPORTED PEOPLE, MATERIALS, GOODS ACROSS THE NATION. FARMERS COULD SHIP EAST, CITIES GREW. U. S. ECONOMY BOOMED.

ELECTRICITY: -TELEGRAPH – COMMUNICATION COAST TO COAST THOMAS EDISON: -LIGHT BULB, GENERAL ELECTRIC, POWER TO ALL. EVEN TELEPHONE. (ALEXANDER BELL)

BIG BUSINESS: TRUST- DIFFERENT COMPANIES INVOLVED IN THE SAME INDUSTRY ORGANIZED THEMSELVES INTO ONE. ALSO CALLED A. . MONOPOLY NEGATIVE: COMPETITION GONE RESULT: ICC, SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT.

LABOR UNIONS: RISE OF THE UNIONS BETWEEN 1800 -1900’S. SOCIAL PROBLEMS: -IMMIGRANTS: DISCRIMINATION, LOW PAY, QUOTA LAWS, CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT

GROWTH OF CITIES: PROBLEMS: -HOUSING , TENEMENT BUILDINGS. -WATER , SEWER SYSTEMS -LAW ENFORCEMENT, FIRE FIGHTING -CHILD LABOR

REFORM LEADERS: *JANE ADDAMS HULL HOUSE, CHICAGOSHELTER, COUNSELING, ETC. TO POOR CITY DWELLERS. *SUSAN B. ANTHONY WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE, WANTED AN AMENDMENT FOR WOMEN TO VOTE. 1920 19 TH AMENDMENT WILL PASS.

*W. E. B. DUBOIS CIVIL RIGHTS, NIAGARA MOVEMENT = NAACP U. S. ECONOMY 1920’S-1930’S: CONSUMER SPENDING, INSTALLMENT PLAN, ADVERTISING MADE US WANT TO BUY.

STOCK MARKET INVESTMENTS INCREASED, PEOPLE BORROWED $, OCT. 29, 1929 MARKET FELL. RESULT: BANKS GONE, DEPRESSION BEGINS.

HOW DID THE DEPRESSION EFFECT OUR STANDARD OF LIVING? -HOMES LOST, ¼ OF WORKERS UNEMPLOYED, FARMERS IN DEBT, DUST BOWL HITS

HOW DID FDR’S NEW DEAL PROGRAMS COUNTERACT THE EFFECTS OF THE DEPRESSION? -SUPPORTED RIGHTS OF WORKERS, INSURED BANKS, AIDED FARMERS, PROVIDED ELECTRICITY, SET RULES FOR STOCK MARKET, CREATED SOCIAL SECURITY.

HOW DID WWII BRING AN END TO THE DEPRESSION? - STRONG DEMAND FOR WEAPONS / SUPPLIES, NEED FOR FACTORY WORKERS, DEMAND FOR FOOD HELPED FARMERS, & WARTIME RESEARCH CREATED NEW TECHNOLOGY.

TECHNOLOGY & THE ECONOMY COMPUTER- 1 ST ONES WERE HUGE & EXPENSIVE. 1970’S PERSONAL COMPUTERS AVAILABLE, 1990’S SMALLER, LESS EXPENSIVE, MORE POWERFUL. SOFTWARE HELPS W/EVERYTHING, INTERNET ALLOWS ACCESS TO ENORMOUS AMMOUNTS OF INFO.

TERMS: *STANDARD OF LIVING: OVERALL QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG THE CITIZENS. *GDP: GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, YEARLY OUTPUT OF A COUNTRY’S TOTAL OUTPUT OF GOODS / SERVICES. (SOMETIMES REFERRED GNP)

*PER CAPITA INCOME: AVG. YEARLY INCOME OF COUNTRYS’ INHABITANTS.

OBJECTIVE 4: HOW DOES GOVERNMENT AFFECT OUR DAILY LIVES? 1. GROWTH OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT IN THE COLONIES: *MAGNA CARTA 1215 KING JOHN SIGNS – LIMITS THE POWER OF THE MONARCH.

TAXES COULD NOT BE COLLECTED W/OUT APPROVAL OF PARLIAMENT. *ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS 1689 MONARCHS COULD NOT INSTITUTE ANY TAS, CREATE ANY LAW, OR MAINTAIN AN ARMY DURING PEACE W/OUT PARLIAMENT APPROVAL.

*ENLIGHTEMENT 1700’S-USE OF REASON TO IMPROVE SOCIETY / GOVT. -GOVTS. OWED CERTAIN RESPONSIBILITIES TO THE CITIZENS. GOVT. POWER SHOULD BE LIMITED. *DISTANCE- COLONIES TO FAR, DEVELOPED THEIR OWN VERSION OF PARLIAMENT.

2. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE WHY WRITE IT? BRITISH GOVT. WOULD NOT ALLOW COLONISTS TO HAVE THE SAME RIGHTS AS OTHER BRITISH CITIZENS. WHO WROTE IT? THOMAS JEFFERSON

SIGNED? JULY 4, 1776 3 MAIN SECTIONS* 1 ST SECTION- UNALIENABLE RIGHTS STATED. LIFE, LIBERTY, AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS. IF GOVT. FAILS, THE PEOPLE HAVE A RIGHT TO CHANGE THE GOVT.

2 ND SECTION- ACCUSES KING GEORGE III OF FAILING TO UPHOLD THE RIGHTS OF THE COLONISTS. 3 RD SECTION- COLONIES ARE INDEPENDENT NATION, SEPARATE FROM G. BRITAIN.

3. THE U. S. CONSTITUTION FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: POPULAR SOVEREIGNTYENSURES THAT THE PEOPLE HOLD THE FINAL AUTHORITY IN ALL MATTERS.

REPUBLICANISM: FORM OF GOVT. IN WHICH THE WILL OF THE PEOPLE IS EXPRESSED THRU REPRESENTATIVES WHO ARE ELECTED TO CREATE / ENFORCE LAWS.

FEDERALISM: DIVISION OF POWER BETWEEN THE NATIONAL / STATE GOVTS. CERTAIN POWERS ARE CONCURRENT (SHARED BY BOTH THE STATE & NATL. GOVTS. )

LIMITED GOVERNMENT: LIMITS POWERS OF STATE / NATIONAL GOVT. 10 TH AMENDMENT LIMITS THE POWER OF THE FED. GOVT. BY RESERVING TO THE STATES & THE PEOPLE ALL POWERS NOT SPECIFICALLY GRANTED TO THE FED. GOVT.

SEPARATION OF POWERS: 3 BRANCHES: LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, JUDICIAL LEGISLATIVE = CONGRESS, MAKES LAWS EXECUTIVE = PRESIDENT, ENFORCES LAWS JUDICIAL = SUPREME COURT, INTERPRETS LAWS.

CHECKS AND BALANCES: EACH BRANCH CAN CHECK, OR RESTRICT, THE ACTIONS OF THE OTHER 2. INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS: GUARANTEE PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS, EX. BILL OF RIGHTS.

4. BILL OF RIGHTS – 1 ST 10 AM. 1 ST AM. : FREEDOM OF SPEECH, PRESS, RELIGION, ASSEMBLY, AND THE RIGHT TO PETITION THE GOVT. 2 ND AM : THE RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS

3 RD AM: CIVILIANS WILL NOT BE FORCED TO HOUSE SOLDIERS 4 TH AM: PROTECTION AGAINST UNREASONABLE SEARCHES BY LAWENFORCEMENT OFFICERS.

5 TH AM: RIGHT OF A PERSON UNDER ARREST TO KNOW WHY ARRESTED AND TO REFUSE TO TESTIFY AGAINST HIM/HERSELF IN A COURT OF LAW. 6 TH AM: RIGHT TO A SPEEDY TRIAL / PUBLIC TRIAL BY A JURY OF PEERS.

7 TH AM: RIGHT TO A TRIAL BY JURY IN CIVIL CASES 8 TH AM: PROTECTION AGAINST EXCESSIVE BAIL / CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT

9 TH AM: RIGHTS NOT SPECIFICALLY LISTED IN THE CONSTITUTION ARE NOT AUTOMATICALLY DENIED TO THE PEOPLE. 10 TH AM: GUARANTEE THAT THE PEOPLE /STATES ARE TO KEEP POWERS NOT SPECIFICALLY GRANTED TO FED. GOVT.

5. NULLIFICATION CRISIS 2 MAJOR DISPUTES BETWEEN SOUTHERN / FEDERAL GOVT. OVER FEDERALISM: (STATES RIGHTS) NULLIFICATION CRISIS 1832 CONGRESS PASSED TARIFF ON MANUFACTURED GOODS. HIGHER $’S ANGERED SOUTH.

SOUTH CAROLINA DECLARED THAT THE STATE HAD THE RIGHT TO NULLIFY, OR REFUSE THE TARIFF. THREATENED TO SECEDE. COMPROMISE REACHED, LOWER TARIFF PASSED. ELECTION 1860 LINCOLN ELECTED W/OUT THE ELECTORAL VOTES OF SLAVE STATES. 7 STATES SECEDE.

4 MORE STATES JOIN, CREATE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA. RECONSTRUCTION REQUIRED OVER TIME 3 NEW AMENDMENTS: 13 TH-ENDED SLAVERY 14 TH THE EQUAL PROTECTION OF LAWS

15 TH – AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE. OTHER AMENDMENTS: PROGRESSIVE ERA 16 TH - INCOME TAX 17 TH - SENATORS BE ELECTED BY POPULAR VOTE 19 TH - WOMEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT: 1954 BROWN VS. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA UNCONSTITUTIONAL FOR STATES TO HAVE SEPARATE SCHOOLS FOR WHITE/AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDENTS. PLESSY VS. FERGUSON REPEALED.

MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT 1955 -1956 ROSA PARKS JAILED FOR NOT GIVING UP HER SEAT TO WHITE MAN. BOYCOTT LASTS 1 YR. CITY TO DESEGREGATE ITS BUSES. MARTIN L. KING, JR. BECOMES CIVIL RIGHTS LEADER.

MARCH ON WASHINGTON 1963 MARTIN L. KING, JR. DELIVERS “I HAVE A DREAM” SPEECH. ENCOURAGED PRESIDENT KENNEDY TO SUPPORT CIVIL RIGHTS LAW. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT 1964 PRESIDENT JOHNSON, PROHIBITED RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN EDUCATION/ EMPLOYMENT

OUTLAWED SEGREGATION IN PUBLIC FACILITIES. VOTING RIGHTS ACT 1965 PROHIBITED USE OF LITERACY TESTS AT POLLING PLACES 24 TH AM: BANS POLL TAXES 26 TH AM: RIGHT TO VOTE TO CITIZENS 18 YRS. OF AGE OR OLDER.

OBJECTIVE 5: WHAT SKILLS DO YOU NEED TO STUDY HISTORY? YOU NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PRIMARY SOURCE / SECONDARY SOURCE. PRODUCED AT OR PRIMARY- NEAR THE TIME OF A HISTORICAL EVENT BY SOMEONE CLOSE TO THE EVENT.

SECONDARY SECONDHAND DESCRIPTION / INTERPRETATION OF AN EVENT THAT IS CREATED AFTER SOME TIME HAS PASSED. EXAMPLES: A PAGE FROM HARRY TRUMAN’S PERSONAL DIARY. (PRIMARY) WEBSITE-POPULATION GROWTH (SECONDARY) 1800’S

IDENTIFYING POINT OF VIEW / BIASREFERS TO PREJUDICES, STEROTYPES, OR DISTORTIONS OF FACT EXPRESSED IN A SOURCE. DOES NOT HAVE TO BE NEGATIVE, SOME ARE UNREALISTICALLY POSITIVE. EX. – TV COMMERCIALS

MAPS, TABLES, GRAPHS

CIRLCE GRAPHS:

CHARTS: