Taiwan eGovernance Research Center Web 2 0 and

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center Web 2. 0 and Citizen Participation : The Taiwan Experience Evaluation on National Policy Think Tank Online and Vision 2020 Ching-Heng Pan, Ph. D. Research Fellow, Taiwan e-Governance Research Center

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center Research Objectives Ø How does Web 2. 0 make sense to the government ? Ø Develop an evaluation framework Ø Discover factors affecting online participation in the policy process

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center WHAT IS WEB 2. 0 ANYWAY? 3

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center The Web and e-Government Past Present Future 1995~2000 2005~2010 Web 1. 0 Web 2. 0 Government 1. 0 Government 2. 0 (e-government) Government-centered Citizen-centered 2015~2020 Web 3. 0 Government 3. 0 (u-Government) Individual-centered Single portal One-stop shopping, integrated service One-way service Interactive service; Partnership mobile service Individually customized service portal Customized intelligent service seamless service Confined to time & location 4

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center Web 2. 0 Core Competencies • Services, not packaged software • Architecture of Participation • Cost-effective scalability • Remixable data source and data transformations • Software above the level of a single device • Harnessing collective intelligence • Source：O’Reilly (2005) 5

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center 3 Dimensions of Web 2. 0 Values 1. User as producer 2. Collective intelligence 3. Perpetual beta 4. Extreme ease of use Applications 1. blog, 2. Wiki, 3. Podcast, 4. RSS, 5. Tagging, 6. Social Network, 7. Search engine, 8. MPO games Technologies 1. Ajax 2. XML 3. Open API 4. Microformats 5. Flash/Flex Source: Osimo (2008)

Taiwan. Practices e-Governance Research Center Web 2. 0 Decentralized, disseminated Human Relation System Open System Dynamic, growth, resourcing, external supports Coherence, morality, human resources Inside organization Outside of organization Rational System Internal Process Stabilization, control, information management, communication Goal setting, planning, productivity, efficiency Centralized, 7 integrated

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center Level of e-Participation Arnstein (1969) Manipulation Therapy L Informing Consultation Placation Partnership Delegated power Citizen control H OECD Citizen-government link Information Gov provide information to citizens; one-way relationship Consultation Available channels for public input and feedback; two-way relationship Active participation Take part in agenda setting and policy process; government has the final say; partnership relationship 8 UN E-participation E-information E-consultation E-decision making

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center Conceptual Framework User as producer Collective intelligence Perpetual beta Web 2. 0 Values Extreme ease of use e- Info disclosure E-participation e- Public consultation e- Decision making process 9

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center Evaluate Web 2. 0 & e-Participation Construct User as producer Collective intelligence Perpetual beta Indicator 1. User generated content (UGC) 1. Folksonomy 2. Community networking 1. Functional Service 1. Information content Values 2. Interface design Extreme ease of use 3. Ease of use 4. Efficiency 5. Security/Privacy 6. Responsiveness 10

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center Evaluate Web 2. 0 & e-Participation (con’d) Construct Indicator A. Accessibility e-Information B. Comprehensibility C. Attainability A. Conducted as planned B. Consultation objectives e-Participation e-Consultation C. Target audience D. Information appropriateness E. Keep contribution informed F. Providing feedback e-Decision making A. Impact on the policy content 11

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center National Policy Think Tank Online (NAPTTO) • Stated objectives: – Policy information dissemination • Inform the public about formulating policies – Policy Forum • Use the platform to communicate with the public, collect policy information, and increase compliance – Policy Research • Provide research reports or resources for making the policy 12

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center ple n o Pe ma se Wi blic on u P ssi cu Dis ouse H 13 licy ’s o P er ch Pit late P

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Taiwan e-Governance Research Center Vision 2020 • “What do you expect to see in year 2020? ” • Sponsored by the government; maintained by the contractor • Several celebrities’ blogs at one website. Channels with different themes (e. g. , human rights, environmental protection, politics, health…) hosted by celebrities (e. g. , journalist, DJ, professors, grassroots, writers, etc. ) • Open forum 15

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Taiwan e-Governance Research Center Main Research Questions Recap • Does NAPTTO and/or Vision 2020 website show Web 2. 0 characteristics? • Does NAPTTO and/or Vision 2020 website facilitate citizen participation? And How? 18

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center CONTENT ANALYSIS… 19

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center NAPTTO vs. Vision 2020: User as producer NAPTTO Vision 2020 1. Business model: Several Blog Channels. 2. Registration not required to join forum. Multimedia better utilized. 3. “PK” Arena allows votes and comments. 4. Discussion Board allows more detailed comments and dialogue. 1. Registered membership required to comment and respond 2. Users leaving comments can observe the counts of viewers and responses 20

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center NAPTTO vs. Vision 2020: Collective Intelligence NAPTTO Vision 2020 Two thematic parts： 1. Policy Pitcher’s Plate – policy information: Issues designed by REDC and contracted research teams. 2. People Wiseman – policy consultation: all registered members may comment 1. Seemly issue-oriented design. Controlled by contractors. Issue not generated by the public or tagging. 2. Attempts to collaborate with social networking websites to expand publicity. 21

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center NAPTTO vs. Vision 2020: Extreme ease of use NAPTTO Vision 2020 1. Registration required to participate – a barrier. 2. Easily understood Flash such as growing tree representing the popularity of the issue 1. Easy to participate (vote, comment, respond); no registration required. 2. Good download /flip page speed, about 2 -4 seconds. 3. Registration is optional. To register, only user name, password, and email are required. Other personal information optional. Privacy better protected. 22

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center Survey study design Online Surveys: Users on NAPTTO and Vision 2020. Online survey to NAPTTO n Pair-up comparisons。 users n A: NAPTTO users C: Both websites users 23 B: Vision 2020 users Online survey to Vision 2020 users

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center Preliminary Findings • Different interface designs soliciting different user behaviors: – NAPTTO: users expect more government responses (Designed with stronger sense of government website) – Vision 2020: users expect more policy discussions; to know what others think. (designed with stronger sense of social network website) 24

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center Preliminary Findings – Vision 2020: higher percentage of users “acquainted” with one another – NAPTTO users less satisfied with responsiveness to questions/comments. • Does Web 2. 0 really fit in the government? – Tradeoff: government identity vs. “social” networking; – top-down vs. bottom-up; 25

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center Unfinished business… • Application of Web 2. 0: where you stand depends on where you sit – Elected officials – Appointed officials – Legislators – Bureaucrats, technocrats 26

Taiwan e-Governance Research Center Thank you!! 27