Table 9 Emission Control Technologies Emission Control Technology
Table 9. Emission Control Technologies Emission Control Technology Implementation Feasibility (A) Changes feasible only by Car/Engine manufacturer. (B) Retro-fitment feasible even for older vehicles Retro-fitment not feasible in older engines. Purpose: To Improve Combustion Efficiency For Reducing Harmful Emissions & Reducing Fuel Consumption (B 1) Pre-Combustion Treatment Fuel Droplet Atomization , Shattering & Mixing (A 1) Improved Engine Design Technologies B 1. 2 Water Injection, to meet tight Bharat/Euro Emission Control Standards Emulsified Fuels, Oxygen B 1. 3 Energized Fuels Injection Electronic ignition, more precise fuel metering, and computerized engine management Catalytic Converter With/without Secondary Air Injection Substrate & coating technologies Three-way catalysts for NOx reduction Oxidation catalysts Exhaust gas recirculation B 1. 2. 1 Water Injection, Emulsified Fuels, Oxygen Injection For diesel Engines only [9] B 1. 3. 1 Fuel-Borne Catalyst (FBC) B 1. 3. 2 Non-thermal plasma devices (C) Zero Emission Vehicles: Enabling Technologies US State of California Report (Reviewed in Appendix ‘A’) [10] (C 1) Energy Storage (C 2) Hydrogen Fuel Storage Batteries C 1. 1 Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries C 2. 1 Gaseous hydrogen 350 bar (Ni. MH) C 2. 2 Gaseous hydrogen 700 bar C 1. 2 Lithium Ion Batteries (Li Ion) C 2. 3 Liquid hydrogen (has limitations) C 1. 3 ZEBRA (sodium-nickel chloride) C 2. 4 Adsorbed Hydrogen (far term) Batteries Purpose: To Clean Up Exhaust Emissions (B 2) After –combustion Treatment [8] (B 3)To Start Eliminate Cold (B 2. 1) Exhaust Control Technology B 2. 1. 1 Catalytic Converter With/without Secondary Air Injection Substrate & coating technologies Three-way catalysts for NOx reduction Oxidation catalysts B 2. 1. 2. Diesel Particulate filters B 2. 1. 3. Wall-flow filters B 2. 1. 4 Open flow filters B 2. 1. 5 Urea injection B 2. 1. . 6 Lean NOx Traps (LNT) B 2. 1. 7. Plasma assisted catalysis B 3. 1 Electrical heating of cat con B 3. 2 Non-thermal plasma devices (C 3) Fuel Cells Review in Appendix “A” R. Gopalaswami et al. An Integrated Vehicular Emission Control Programme for the City of Delhi Using Retrofitted Emission Control Technologies. Journal of Atmospheric Pollution, 2016, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1 -14. doi: 10. 12691/jap-4 -1 -1 © The Author(s) 2015. Published by Science and Education Publishing.
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