Table 11 7 Anterior Muscles of the Neck

Table 11 -7 Anterior Muscles of the Neck (Figure 11– 9)

11 -5 Axial Musculature • Muscles of the Vertebral Column – Spinal extensors or erector spinae muscles (superficial and deep) – Spinal flexors (transversospinalis)

11 -5 Axial Musculature • Muscles of the Vertebral Column – Superficial Spinal Extensors • Spinalis group • Longissimus group • Iliocostalis group

11 -5 Axial Musculature • Muscles of the Vertebral Column – Deep Spinal Extensors • Semispinalis group • Multifidus muscle • Interspinalis muscles • Intertransversarii muscles • Rotatores muscles

Figure 11 -10 Muscles of the Vertebral Column Erector Spinae, Deep Layer Semispinalis Group Semispinalis capitis Erector Spinae, Superficial Layer Splenius capitis Spinalis, Longissimus, and Iliocostalis Group Semispinalis cervicis Longissimus capitis Semispinalis thoracis Spinalis cervicis Longissimus cervicis Iliocostalis thoracis Multifidus Longissimus thoracis Spinalis thoracis Iliocostalis lumborum

Table 11 -8 Muscles of the Vertebral Column (Figure 11– 10)

11 -5 Axial Musculature • Muscles of the Vertebral Column – Spinal Flexors • Neck – Longus capitis and longus colli – Rotate and flex the neck • Lumbar – Quadratus lumborum muscles – Flex spine and depress ribs

Figure 11 -10 Muscles of the Vertebral Column Erector Spinae, Deep Layer Intervertebral Muscles, Posterior View Spinal Flexors Quadratus lumborum Rotatores Intertransversarii Flexors of the Anterior Cervical and Thoracic Spine Spinous process of vertebra Thoracodorsal fascia Posterior view Interspinales Transverse process of vertebra Longus capitis Longus colli

Table 11 -8 Muscles of the Vertebral Column (Figure 11– 10)

11 -5 Axial Musculature • Oblique and Rectus Muscles – Lie within the body wall – Oblique muscles • Compress underlying structures • Rotate vertebral column – Rectus muscles • Flex vertebral column • Oppose erector spinae

11 -5 Axial Musculature • Oblique Muscles – Cervical region • Scalene muscles • Flex the neck – Thoracic region • Intercostal muscles (external and internal) – Respiratory movements of ribs • Transversus thoracis – Cross inner surface of ribs

11 -5 Axial Musculature • Oblique Muscles – Abdominopelvic region (same pattern as thoracic) • External oblique muscles • Internal oblique muscles • Transversus abdominis

11 -5 Axial Musculature • Rectus Muscles – Rectus abdominis • Between xiphoid process and pubic symphysis • Divided longitudinally by linea alba • Divided transversely by tendinous inscriptions

11 -5 Axial Musculature • Rectus Muscles – Diaphragmatic muscle or diaphragm • Divides thoracic and abdominal cavities • Performs respiration

Figure 11 -11 a Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm Scalenes Anterior Middle Posterior Anterior view, cervical region

Figure 11 -11 b Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm Serratus anterior Internal intercostal External oblique Tendinous inscription External intercostal External oblique (cut) Internal oblique Cut edge of rectus sheath Linea alba Rectus abdominis Anterior view

Figure 11 -11 c Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm Rectus abdominis Xiphoid process Costal cartilages External oblique Inferior vena cava External intercostal T 10 Internal intercostal Central tendon of diaphragm Esophagus Serratus anterior Diaphragm Thoracic aorta Spinal cord Erector spinae group Superior view at the level of the diaphragm

Figure 11 -11 d Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm Rectus abdominis Rectus sheath Linea alba External oblique L 3 Transversus abdominis Internal oblique Quadratus lumborum Thoracolumbar fascia Horizontal section view at the level of the umbilicus

Table 11 -9 Oblique and Rectus Muscle Groups (Figure 11– 11)

Table 11 -9 Oblique and Rectus Muscle Groups (Figure 11– 11)

11 -5 Axial Musculature • Muscles of the Pelvic Floor – Functions of pelvic floor muscles 1. Support organs of pelvic cavity 2. Flex sacrum and coccyx 3. Control movement of materials through urethra and anus

11 -5 Axial Musculature • Muscles of the Pelvic Floor – Perineum • Muscular sheet forming the pelvic floor, divided into: 1. Anterior urogenital triangle 2. Posterior anal triangle

11 -5 Axial Musculature • Perineum – Urogenital diaphragm • Deep muscular layer between pubic bones – Supports the pelvic floor – And muscles of the urethra • Superficial muscles of the urogenital triangle – Support external genitalia

11 -5 Axial Musculature • Muscles of the Pelvic Floor – Perineum • Pelvic diaphragm – Deep muscular layer extending to pubis » Supports anal triangle

Figure 11 -12 a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor Superficial Dissections Ischiocavernosus Bulbospongiosus Vagina Superficial transverse perineal Anus Gluteus maximus Female

Figure 11 -12 a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor Deep Dissections Urethra Urogenital Diaphragm External urethral sphincter Deep transverse perineal Central tendon of perineum Pelvic Diaphragm Pubococcygeus Iliococcygeus Levator ani External anal sphincter Coccygeus Sacrotuberous ligament Female

Figure 11 -12 b Muscles of the Pelvic Floor Superficial Dissections Testis Urethra (connecting segment removed) Ischiocavernosus Bulbospongiosus Superficial transverse perineal Anus Gluteus maximus Male

Figure 11 -12 b Muscles of the Pelvic Floor Deep Dissections UROGENITAL TRIANGLE OF PERINEUM Urogenital Diaphragm External urethral sphincter Deep transverse perineal Central tendon of perineum Pelvic Diaphragm Pubococcygeus Levator Iliococcygeus ani External anal sphincter Coccygeus Sacrotuberous ligament Male ANAL TRIANGLE

Table 11 -10 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor (Figure 11– 12)

11 -6 Appendicular Musculature • Appendicular Muscles – Position and stabilize pectoral and pelvic girdles – Move upper and lower limbs – Two divisions of appendicular muscles 1. Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs 2. Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs

Figure 11 -13 a An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk Superficial Dissection Axial Muscles Platysma Appendicular Muscles Deltoid Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi Serratus anterior Anterior view ATLAS: Plates 25; 39 b

Figure 11 -13 a An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk Deep Dissection Axial Muscles Sternocleidomastoid Appendicular Muscles Trapezius Subclavius Deltoid (cut and reflected) Pectoralis minor Subscapularis Pectoralis major (cut and reflected) Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii Teres major Serratus anterior Anterior view ATLAS: Plates 25; 39 b

Figure 11 -13 a An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk Superficial Dissection Axial Muscles External oblique Rectus sheath Superficial inguinal ring Appendicular Muscles Tensor fasciae latae Sartorius Rectus femoris Anterior view ATLAS: Plates 25; 39 b

Figure 11 -13 a An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk Deep Dissection Axial Muscles External intercostal Internal oblique (cut) External oblique (cut and reflected) Rectus abdominis Transversus abdominis Appendicular Muscles Gluteus medius Iliopsoas Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Anterior view ATLAS: Plates 25; 39 b

Figure 11 -13 b An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk Superficial Dissection Axial Muscles Sternocleidomastoid Appendicular Muscles Trapezius Deltoid Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Triceps brachii Posterior view ATLAS: Plate 40 a, b

Figure 11 -13 b An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk Deep Dissection Axial Muscles Semispinalis capitis Splenius capitis Appendicular Muscles Levator scapulae Supraspinatus Rhomboid minor Rhomboid major Posterior view ATLAS: Plate 40 a, b

Figure 11 -13 b An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk Superficial Dissection Appendicular Muscles Latissimus dorsi Thoracolumbar fascia Iliac crest Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Posterior view ATLAS: Plate 40 a, b

Figure 11 -13 b An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk Deep Dissection Axial Muscles Erector spinae muscle group External oblique Posterior view ATLAS: Plate 40 a, b

11 -6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles of the Shoulders and Upper Limbs – Four groups 1. Muscles that position the pectoral girdle 2. Muscles that move the arm 3. Muscles that move the forearm and hand 4. Muscles that move the hand fingers

11 -6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle – Trapezius • Superficial • Covers back and neck to base of skull • Inserts on clavicles and scapular spines

Figure 11 -14 a Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Trapezius Levator scapulae Subclavius Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major (cut and reflected) Internal intercostals External intercostals T 12 Anterior view ATLAS: Plates 39 a-d; 40 a–b

Figure 11 -14 b Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Superficial Dissection Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Trapezius Posterior view ATLAS: Plates 27 b; 40 a–b

11 -6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle – Rhomboid and levator scapulae • Deep to trapezius • Attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae • Insert on scapular border

Figure 11 -14 b Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Deep Dissection Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Levator scapulae Rhomboid minor Rhomboid major Scapula Serratus anterior Triceps brachii T 12 vertebra Posterior view ATLAS: Plates 27 b; 40 a–b

11 -6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle – Serratus anterior • On the chest • Originates along ribs • Inserts on anterior scapular margin

11 -6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle – Subclavius • Originates on ribs • Inserts on clavicle – Pectoralis minor • Attaches to scapula

Figure 11 -14 a Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Trapezius Levator scapulae Subclavius Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major (cut and reflected) Internal intercostals External intercostals T 12 Anterior view ATLAS: Plates 39 a-d; 40 a–b

Figure 11 -14 a Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Pectoralis minor (cut) Serratus anterior Biceps brachii, short head Biceps brachii, long head T 12 Anterior view ATLAS: Plates 39 a-d; 40 a–b

Table 11 -11 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle (Figures 11– 13, 11– 14)

11 -6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Move the Arm – Deltoid • The major abductor – Supraspinatus • Assists deltoid

Figure 11 -15 a Muscles That Move the Arm Superficial Dissection Sternum Clavicle Muscles That Move the Arm Deltoid Pectoralis major Anterior view

Figure 11 -15 b Muscles That Move the Arm Superficial Dissection Muscles That Move the Arm Supraspinatus Deltoid Latissimus dorsi Thoracolumbar fascia Posterior view Vertebra T 1

11 -6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Move the Arm – Subscapularis and teres major • Produce medial rotation at shoulder

Figure 11 -15 a Muscles That Move the Arm Deep Dissection Ribs (cut) Muscles That Move the Arm Subscapularis Coracobrachialis Teres major Biceps brachii, short head Biceps brachii, long head Vertebra T 12 Anterior view

11 -6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Move the Arm – Infraspinatus and teres minor • Produce lateral rotation at shoulder – Coracobrachialis • Attaches to scapula • Produces flexion and adduction at shoulder

Figure 11 -15 b Muscles That Move the Arm Deep Dissection Muscles That Move the Arm Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Triceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, lateral head Posterior view

Figure 11 -15 a Muscles That Move the Arm Deep Dissection Ribs (cut) Muscles That Move the Arm Subscapularis Coracobrachialis Teres major Biceps brachii, short head Biceps brachii, long head Vertebra T 12 Anterior view

11 -6 Appendicular Musculature • Muscles That Move the Arm – Pectoralis major • Between anterior chest and greater tubercle of humerus • Produces flexion at shoulder joint – Latissimus dorsi • Between thoracic vertebrae and humerus • Produces extension at shoulder joint

Figure 11 -15 a Muscles That Move the Arm Superficial Dissection Sternum Clavicle Muscles That Move the Arm Deltoid Pectoralis major Anterior view

Figure 11 -15 b Muscles That Move the Arm Superficial Dissection Muscles That Move the Arm Supraspinatus Deltoid Latissimus dorsi Thoracolumbar fascia Posterior view Vertebra T 1

11 -6 Appendicular Musculature • The Rotator Cuff – Muscles involved in shoulder rotation • Supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor, and their tendons

Figure 11 -15 a Muscles That Move the Arm Deep Dissection Ribs (cut) Muscles That Move the Arm Subscapularis Coracobrachialis Teres major Biceps brachii, short head Biceps brachii, long head Vertebra T 12 Anterior view

Figure 11 -15 b Muscles That Move the Arm Deep Dissection Muscles That Move the Arm Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Triceps brachii, long head Triceps brachii, lateral head Posterior view

Table 11 -12 Muscles That Move the Arm (Figures 11– 13 to 11– 15)