Systems Engineering Principles Results of the Systems Engineering

Systems Engineering Principles Results of the Systems Engineering Principles Action Team www. incose. org/symp 2019

Systems Engineering Principles Action Team • INCOSE Systems Engineering Principles Action Team Formed at INCOSE IW 2018 – Started with Input from the NASA Systems Engineering Research Consortium • Systems Engineering Postulates(7), Principles(12), Hypotheses(4) distilled over past 8 years – – – Research conducted by 17 Universities, 5 companies, 4 NASA Centers, and the Air Force Research Laboratory Included surveys of 106 companies in the Aerospace, Agricultural, and Mining industries Presented and reviewed at INCOSE IW 2018 as part of MBSE Initiative Met monthly since March 2018 Face to Face in December 2018 • Reviewed current literature on systems principles and systems engineering principles • Developed Criteria for INCOSE Systems Engineering Principles • Defined 15 Systems Engineering Principles, 3 Systems Engineering Hypotheses – Developing Articles for Input in Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBo. K) 2

INCOSE Systems Engineering Action Team Membership • • • Michael Watson/NASA – Chair David Rousseau/Centre for Systems Philosophy Bryan Mesmer/UAH Garry Roedler/Lockheed Martin/INCOSE President Chuck Keating/ODU Bill Miller/Dinesh Verma/Jon Wade/Stevens Institute of Technology Javier Calvo-Amodio/Oregon State Univ. Scott Lucero/Rob Gold/Aileen Sedmak/OSD Cheryl Jones/US Army David Long/Vitech R. W. Russell/Exnihilo Systems Robert Dillow/Engility November 4, 2020 www. incose. org/IW 2018 3

Systems Engineering Principles Criteria • • • Transcends Lifecycle Transcends system types Transcends Context Informs a world view on Systems Engineering Not a how to Supported by literature and/or widely accepted in profession (proven successful in practice across multiple organizations and multiple system types) • Economy of Principle – Principle is focused, concise, clear November 4, 2020 www. incose. org/IW 2018 4

Systems Engineering Principles and System Principles • • What is the relationship between Systems Engineering Principles and System Principles? – Systems Engineering Principles – Principles guiding the engineering of a system – System Principles – Principles which define the characteristics of a physical and/or logical system – Organizational Principles – Principle which define the structure and functioning of an organization Systems Engineering Principles encompass – – System Principles of the specific system being engineered Sociological aspects of the organization engineering the system • System Engineering Principles guide application of Systems Engineering Processes • System Principles address properties of systems

Systems Engineering Principles • Pragmatic System Principles – Best practice guidance leading to the initial set of Systems Engineering Processes • • Defoe, J. C. , ed. , National Council on Systems Engineering: An Identification of pragmatic principles, Final Report. SE Practice Working Group. Subgroup on Pragmatic Principles. NCOSE WMA Chapter, 6600 Rockledge Dr. , Bethesda, Maryland 20817, 1993. Systems Engineering Principles – Systems Engineering Framework and 7 Postulates • – 7 Systems Engineering Postulates (revised) and 3 Hypotheses • – • Watson, M. D. , Mesmer, B. , Farrington, P. , “Engineering Elegant Systems: Postulates, Principles, and Hypotheses of Systems Engineering”, CSER, Charlottesville, VA, May 2018. Watson, M. D. , “Engineering Elegant Systems: Postulates, Principles, and Hypotheses of Systems Engineering”, AIAA CASE 2018, Future of Systems Engineering Panel, Orlando, FL, September 2018. Relationship between Systems Engineering Principles and Systems Principles • – Watson, M. and Farrington P. , “NASA systems engineering research consortium: Defining the path to elegance in systems”, Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Systems Engineering Research, Huntsville, AL, Mar 22 -Mar 24, 2016. 7 Systems Engineering Postulates (revised) and Corollary, 12 Principles, and 4 Hypotheses • – Watson, M. , Griffin, M. , Farrington, P. A. , Burns, L. , Colley, W. , Collopy, P. , Doty, J. , Johnson. S. B. , Malak, R. , Shelton J. , Utley, D. R. , Yang, M. C. , Szajnfarber, Z. , “Building a Path to Elegant Design, ” Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Management 2014 International Annual Conference, S. Long, E-H. Ng, and C. Downing eds. , October 15 -18, 2014, Virginia Beach, Virginia. Watson, M. D. , “Engineering Elegant Systems: Systems Engineering Postulates, Principles, and Hypotheses Related to Systems Principles”, ISSS, Corvallis, OR, July 2018. Complete set of references available at: https: //www. nasa. gov/consortium www. incose. org/symp 2019 6

Systems Engineering Principles and System Principles • System Principles address properties of systems – Complex System Governance • Defined 9 Metasystem functions “to provide control, communication, coordination, and integration of a complex system” – – System Pathologies • Defined pathologies of systems as “circumstances that act to limit system performance or lessen system viability (continued existence) and as such they reduce the likelihood of a system meeting performance expectations” – – • 7 System Science Principles • 10 concepts defining system characteristics • 12 System Sciences Principles • Derivation of 3 System Science Principles – – – Sillitto, H. (2014) Architecting Systems. Concepts, Principles and Practice. London: College Publications (pp. 33– 38). Mobus, G. E. , & Kalton, M. C. (2015). Principles of Systems Science. New York: Springer. (pp. 17– 30) Rousseau, D. (2018 a). Three General Systems Principles and Their Derivation: Insights from the Philosophy of Science Applied to Systems Concepts. In Madni et. al. (Eds), Disciplinary Convergence in Systems Engineering Research (pp. 665– 681). Springer, Cham. • Classification of scientific principles spanning from system philosophy through system practice • Framework for understanding System Sciences Principles – Rousseau, D. (2018 b). On the Architecture of Systemology and the Typology of Its Principles. Systems, 6(1), 7. Rousseau, D. (2018 c). A Framework for Understanding Systems Principles and Methods. Proceedings of the INCOSE International Symposium, Washington, DC, USA, 7 – 12 July 2018. Systems Theory Axioms • Defined 7 axioms “from which all other propositions in systems theory may be induced” – – – Hitchins, D. , (1992), Putting Systems to Work. John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, UK. (pp. 60– 71) Systemology and Typology – – Katina, P. F. (2016). Systems Theory as a Foundation for Discovery of Pathologies for Complex System Problem Formulation. In Applications of Systems Thinking and Soft Operations Research in Managing Complexity (pp. 227– 267). Cham: Springer. System Characteristics – – Keating, C. B. , Katina, P. F. , Jaradat, R. , Bradley, J. M. and Gheorghe, A. V. (2017), Acquisition System Development: A Complex System Governance Perspective. INCOSE International Symposium, 27: 811– 825. doi: 10. 1002/j. 2334 -5837. 2017. 00395. x Adams, K. M. , Hester, P. T. , Bradley, J. M. , Meyers, T. J. , & Keating, C. B. (2014). Systems Theory as the Foundation for Understanding Systems Engineering, 17(1), 112– 123. Further developed by: Whitney, K. , Bradley, J. M. , Baugh, D. E. , & Chesterman Jr. , C. W. (2015). Systems theory as a foundation for governance of complex systems. International Journal of Systems Engineering, 6(1– 2), 15– 32. Systems of Systems – Keating, C. B. , Katina, P. F. , Gheorghe, A. V. and Jaradat, R. (2017), Complex System Governance: Advancing Prospects for System of Systems Engineering Applications.

Systems Engineering Principles • Principle 1: Systems Engineering in application is specific to stakeholder needs, solution space, resulting system solution(s), and context throughout the system life cycle. • Principle 2: Systems Engineering has a holistic system view that includes the system elements and the interactions amongst themselves, the enabling systems, and the system environment • Principle 3: Systems engineering influences and is influenced by internal and external resource, political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors • Principle 4: Both Policy and Law must be properly understood with respect to enabling and/or constraining system implementation • Principle 5: The real physical system is the only perfect representation of the system 8

Systems Engineering Principles • Principle 6: A focus of systems engineering is a progressively deeper understanding of the interactions, sensitivities, and behaviors of the system, stakeholder needs, and its operational environment – – – – Sub-Principle 6(a): Mission context is defined based on the understanding of the stakeholder needs and constraints Sub-Principle 6(b): Requirements and models reflect the understanding of the system Sub-Principle 6(c): Requirements are specific, agreed to preferences within the developing organization Sub-Principle 6(d): Requirements and system design are progressively elaborated as the development progresses Sub-Principle 6(e): Modeling of systems must account for system interactions and couplings Sub-Principle 6(f): Systems engineering achieves an understanding of all the system functions and interactions in the operational environment Sub-Principle 6(g): Systems engineering achieves an understanding of the system’s value to the system stakeholders Sub-Principle 6(h): Understanding of the system degrades if system understanding is not maintained • Principle 7: Stakeholder needs can change and must be accounted for over the system life cycle. • Principle 8: Systems engineering addresses stakeholder needs taking into consideration budget, schedule, technical, and other expectations and constraints – Sub-Principle 8(a): Systems engineering seeks a best balance of functions and interactions within the system budget, schedule, technical, and other expectations and constraints 9

Systems Engineering Principles • Principle 9: Systems engineering decisions are made under uncertainty accounting for risk • Principle 10: Decision quality depends on knowledge of the system, enabling system(s), and interoperating system(s) represented in the decision-making process • Principle 11: Systems engineering spans the entire system life-cycle – – – – Sub-Principle 11(a): Systems engineering obtains an understanding of the system Sub-Principle 11(b): Systems engineering defines the mission context (system application) Sub-Principle 11(c): Systems engineering models the system Sub-Principle 11(d): Systems engineering designs and analyzes the system Sub-Principle 11(e): Systems engineering tests the system Sub-Principle 11(f): Systems engineering supports the production of the system Sub-Principle 11(g): Systems engineering supports operations, maintenance, and retirement 10

Systems Engineering Principles • Principle 12: Complex systems are engineered by complex organizations • Principle 13: Systems Engineering integrates engineering disciplines in an effective manner • Principle 14: Systems engineering is responsible for managing the discipline interactions within the organization • Principle 15: Systems engineering is informed by a broad set of theories and heuristics – – Sub-Principle 15(a): Systems engineering has a systems theory basis Sub-Principle 15(b): Systems engineering has a physical/logical basis Sub-Principle 15(c): Systems engineering has a mathematical basis Sub-Principle 15(d): Systems engineering has a sociological basis 11

System Engineering Hypotheses • 12

Summary and Moving Forward • Systems Engineering Principles Action Team brought together 15 Systems Engineering Principles and 3 Hypotheses – Systems Engineering Principles – Principles guiding the engineering of systems • – Provides guidance in the application of systems engineering processes in the development and operation of a system Systems Principles – Principles defining how systems function • • • Focus of Systems Science Systems Engineering makes use of these principles in the engineering of systems Connected to the Systems Engineering Principles through the Theoretical Basis • Insight Magazine Article in May 2019 as part of the Future of Systems Engineering Theme • Developed articles for inclusion in the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBo. K) www. incose. org/symp 2019 13

www. incose. org/symp 2019