Systems Coordinate Required readings Coordinate systems 19 1

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Systems Coordinate

Systems Coordinate

 • Required readings: • Coordinate systems: 19 -1 to 19 -6. • State

• Required readings: • Coordinate systems: 19 -1 to 19 -6. • State plane coordinate systems: 20 -1 to 20 -5 to 20 -7, 20 -10, and 20 -12. • Required figures: • Coordinate systems: 19 -1, 19 -2, 19 -6, 19 -7 and 19 -8. • State plane coordinate systems: 20 -1 to 20 -3, 20 -10. • Recommended, not required, readings: 19 -7 to 19 -11, 20 -11, and 20 -13.

Coordinate Systems • Geoid and Ellipsoid, what for?

Coordinate Systems • Geoid and Ellipsoid, what for?

Ellipsoid Parameters • Ellipsoid parameters (equations not required): • semi-major axes (a), semi-minor axes

Ellipsoid Parameters • Ellipsoid parameters (equations not required): • semi-major axes (a), semi-minor axes (b) e= = first eccentricity • N = normal length = • • • Great circles and meridians Two main ellipsoids in North America: Clarke ellipsoid of 1866, on which NAD 27 is based • Geodetic Reference System of 1980 (GRS 80): on which NAD 83 is based. For lines up to 50 km, a sphere of equal volume can be used • •

Geodetic Coordinate System • System components, coordinates

Geodetic Coordinate System • System components, coordinates

Geodetic System Coordinates • Definitions : – Geodetic latitude (f): the angle in the

Geodetic System Coordinates • Definitions : – Geodetic latitude (f): the angle in the meridian plane of the point between the equator and the normal to the ellipsoid through that point. – Geodetic longitude (l): the angle along the equator between the Greenwich and the point meridians – Height above the ellipsoid (h)

Universal Space Rectangular System • • • System definition, X, Y, Z Advantage and

Universal Space Rectangular System • • • System definition, X, Y, Z Advantage and disadvantage X, Y, Z from geodetic coordinates X = (N+h) cosf cosl Y = (N+h) cosf sinl Z = ( N(1 -e 2) +h) sinf

State Plane Coordinate Systems • • Plane rectangular systems, why use them Can we

State Plane Coordinate Systems • • Plane rectangular systems, why use them Can we just use a single 2 D Cartesian coordinate system, (X, Y), origin Southwest of California? The answer is that the distortions because of that flat surface will be big, we have to use systems that cover smaller areas to limit the distortions. They are the “state plane coordinate systems” in the US How to construct them: Project the earth’s surface onto a developable surface. • Two major projections: Lambert Conformal Conic, and Transverse Mercator.

Secants no distortions

Secants no distortions

Secants no distortions

Secants no distortions

Secants, Scales, and Distortions • • Scale is exact along the secants, smaller than

Secants, Scales, and Distortions • • Scale is exact along the secants, smaller than true in between. Distortions are larger as you move away from the secants, we limit the width to limit distortions

Zone of limited distortion (1: 10, 000), 158 miles

Zone of limited distortion (1: 10, 000), 158 miles

Zones of limited distortion (1: 10, 000), 158 miles

Zones of limited distortion (1: 10, 000), 158 miles

Choosing a Projection • • • States extending East-west: Lambert Conical States extending North-South:

Choosing a Projection • • • States extending East-west: Lambert Conical States extending North-South: Mercator Cylindrical. A single surface will provide a single zone. Maximum zone width is 158 miles to limit distortions to 1: 10, 000. States longer than 158 mi, use more than one zone (projection).

Standard Parallels & Central Meridians • Standard Parallels: the secants, no distortion along them.

Standard Parallels & Central Meridians • Standard Parallels: the secants, no distortion along them. At 1/6 of zone width from zone edges • • • Central Meridians: a meridian at the middle of the zone, defines the direction of the Y axis. The Y axis points to the grid north, which is the geodetic north only at the central meridian To compute the grid azimuth ( from grid north) from geodetic azimuth ( from geodetic north): grid azimuth = geodetic azimuth - q

Geodetic and SPCS • • Control points in SPCS are initially computed from Geodetic

Geodetic and SPCS • • Control points in SPCS are initially computed from Geodetic coordinates (direct problem). If NAD 27 is used the result is SPCS 27. If NAD 83 is used, the result is SPCS 83. Define: q, R, Rb, C, and how to get them.

Direct and Inverse Problems • Direct (Forward): given: f, l get X, Y? •

Direct and Inverse Problems • Direct (Forward): given: f, l get X, Y? • Solution: X = R sin q + C • Y = Rb - R cos q • • Whenever q is used, it is -ve west (left) of the central meridian. • • • q = geodetic azimuth - grid azimuth Indirect (Inverse): Solve the above mentioned equations to compute R, and q. Use tables to compute f, l. In both cases, use a computer program whenever is available. Wolfpack can do it, see next slide.

 • Forward Computations: given (f, l) get (X, Y). • Inverse Computations: given

• Forward Computations: given (f, l) get (X, Y). • Inverse Computations: given (X, Y) get (f, l)

Surveys Extending from one Zone to Another • • There is always an overlap

Surveys Extending from one Zone to Another • • There is always an overlap area between the zones. When in the transition zone, compute the geodetic coordinates of two points from their X, Y in first zone (direct problem). Compute X, Y of the same points in the second zone system from their geodetic coordinates (inverse problem) Compute the azimuth of the line, use the azimuth and new coordinates to proceed.

Central meridian

Central meridian