Systems Analysis and Design Alan Dennis Barbara Haley
Systems Analysis and Design Alan Dennis, Barbara Haley Wixom, and Roberta Roth John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Slides by Candace S. Garrod Red Rocks Community College Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Key Ideas Determine how projects are selected and understand the various approaches to the SDLC that are used to structure a development project. Understand how to select a project methodology based on project characteristics and become familiar with project estimation. Create a project work plan and understand how to staff a project. Important techniques to coordinate and manage a project, and how to manage risk on the project. 2 -2 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
PROJECT SELECTION Systems projects today are evaluated in the context of an entire portfolio of projects. Determination of a project’s contribution to an entire portfolio of a project reinforces the need for a feasibility study. Portfolio management takes into consideration the different kinds of projects that exist in an organization (large/small, high/low risk etc. ) 2 -3 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
An approval committee must be selective about where to allocate resources as most organizations have limited funds (trade-offs). If there are three potentially highpayoff projects, and they all have the same high risk, then maybe only one of the projects will be selected. 2 -4 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
How Do Projects Begin? Business needs should drive projects. Project sponsor recognizes business need for new system and desires to see it implemented. Business needs determine the system’s functionality (what it will do). The project’s business value should be clear. 2 -5 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
CREATING THE PROJECT PLAN Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Project Methodology Options Waterfall Development Parallel Development V-model (variation of the Waterfall development) Rapid Application Development (RAD) Iterative Development Agile Development 2 -7 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Waterfall Development 2 -8 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Parallel Development 2 -9 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
V-model 2 - 10 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Iterative Development 2 - 11 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Example of System Prototyping 2 - 12 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Example of Throwaway Prototyping 2 - 13 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Agile Development A group of programming-centric methodologies that focus on streamlining the SDLC. Includes face-to-face communication Extreme programming – emphasizes customer satisfaction (close interaction with end-users) and teamwork (coding performed by pairs of developers). 2 - 14 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Example of Extreme Programming 2 - 15 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Selecting the Appropriate Development Methodology 2 - 16 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Criteria for Selecting a Methodology 2 - 17 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Important Factors to Consider Clarity of User Requirements Familiarity with Technology System Complexity System Reliability Short Time Schedules Schedule Visibility 2 - 18 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Estimating the Project Time Frame 2 - 19 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Estimating Project Time Using Industry Standards 2 - 20 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Developing the Work Plan Identify Tasks The Project Work Plan Lists each task, along with important information about it (when it needs to be completed, the person assigned to do the work, and any deliverables that will result) 2 - 21 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
STAFFING THE PROJECT • • determining how many people should be assigned to the project matching people’s skills with the needs of the project motivating them to meet the project’s objectives minimizing the conflict that will occur over time Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Staffing Attributes Staffing levels will change over a project’s lifetime Adding staff may add more overhead than additional labor Using teams of 8 -10 reporting in a hierarchical structure can reduce complexity 2 - 23 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Increasing Complexity with Larger Teams 2 - 24 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Key Definitions The staffing plan describes the kinds (roles) of people working on the project and proposed reporting structure The project charter describes the project’s objectives and rules A functional lead manages a group of analysts A technical lead oversees progress of programmers and technical staff members 2 - 25 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Motivation Use monetary rewards cautiously Use intrinsic rewards Recognition Achievement The work itself Responsibility Advancement Chance to learn new skills 2 - 26 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Handling Conflict Clearly define project plans Recognize project importance to organization Project charter listing norms and groundrules Develop schedule commitments ahead of time Forecast other priorities and their possible impact on the project 2 - 27 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
COORDINATING PROJECT ACTIVITIES Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
CASE Tools Planning Analysis Upper CASE Design Implementation Lower CASE Integrated CASE (I-CASE) 2 - 29 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
CASE Components Diagrams Screen Designs CASE Repository Procedural Logic 2 - 30 Metadata Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Standards Examples Formal rules for naming files Forms indicating goals reached Programming guidelines 2 - 31 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Documentation Includes the detailed information about the SDLC Project binder Table of contents Continual updating 2 - 32 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
MANAGING AND CONTROLLING THE PROJECT 2 - 33 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Timeboxing Fixed deadline Reduced functionality, if necessary Fewer “finishing touches” 2 - 34 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Timeboxing Steps 1. Set delivery date 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 2 - 35 Deadline should not be impossible Should be set by development group Prioritize features by importance Build the system core Postpone unfinished functionality Deliver the system with core functionality Repeat steps 3 -5 to add refinements and enhancements Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Managing Risk assessment Actions to reduce risk Revised assessment 2 - 36 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Classic Mistakes Overly optimistic schedule Failing to monitor schedule Failing to update schedule Adding people to a late project 2 - 37 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Margins of Error in Cost and Time Estimates 2 - 38 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
COORDINATING PROJECT ACTIVITIES 2 - 39 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Example of a Gantt Chart 2 - 40 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Gantt Chart Notations There a few special notations that can be placed on a Gantt chart. Project milestones are shown using upsidedown triangles or diamonds. Arrows are drawn between the task bars to show task dependencies. Sometimes, the names of people assigned to each task are listed next to the task bars to show what human resources have been allocated to each task. 2 - 41 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Summary Project initiation involves creating and assessing goals and expectations for a new system Identifying the business value of the new project is a key to success Feasibility study is concerned with insuring that technical, economic, and organizational benefits outweigh costs and risks Project selection involves viewing the project within the context of the entire project portfolio, and selecting those projects that contribute to balance in the portfolio 2 - 42 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for redistribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein. 2 - 43 Power. Point Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 4 th Edition Copyright 2009 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
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