SYSTEMATICS The Study of Relationships In Biology Systematics

SYSTEMATICS The Study of Relationships In Biology

Systematics Vs. Ecology: interactions of individuals and populations in a particular time Systematics: relationships of individuals and populations over time

Systematics Includes: Finding patterns of relationships between species Classifying, or grouping, species based in these patterns Naming organisms (taxonomy) Building and maintaining biodiversity collections

History of Classification Human urge to sort things 1700’s Carolus Linneaus – 70, 000 organisms – 2 large groups: Plants and Animals – Hierarchy (K, P, C, O, F, G, S) – 2 part naming system 1969 Robert Whittaker: 5 Kingdoms 1970’s Carl Woese: 3 domains

Hierarchy of Taxonomy Domain Kingdom Phylum (animal) or Division (plants) Class Order Family Genus species

Taxonomy of the Wolf Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Canis Species: lupus

Taxonomy of Man Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens

5 Kingdoms of Life Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Monera Cell type: prokaryotic Nutrition: (auto and heterotrophic) absorptive, psn, chemosyn O 2: poisonous, tolerated, or required Reproduction: asexual, binary fission Body Form: unicellular Cell Structures: cell walls (no peptidoglycan)

Protista Cell type: eukaryotic Nutrition: (auto and heterotrophic) absorptive, psn, ingestive O 2: required Reproduction: asexual, some meiosis and fertilization Body Form: unicellular Cell Structures: cell walls (peptidoglycan)

Fungi Cell type: eukaryotic Nutrition: (heterotrophic) absorptive O 2: required Reproduction: asexual (spores), some meiosis and fertilization Body Form: multicellular Cell Structures: cell walls (chitin)

Plantae Cell type: eukaryotic Nutrition: (autootrophic) psn O 2: required Reproduction: asexual or meiosis and fertilization Body Form: multicellular Cell Structures: cell walls (cellulose)

Animalia Cell type: eukaryotic Nutrition: (heterootrophic) ingestive O 2: required Reproduction: meiosis and fertilization Body Form: multicellular Cell Structures: no cell walls

3 Domains of Life

Roles & Products of Systematics in Biology Foundation for Comparative Biology Identify & document Earth’s biodiversity Study the history of the Earth Make predictions Prioritizing biodiversity conservation Evidence for geologic change Identification services