Synthetic Biology for Synthetic Drugs and Fuels Jay

Synthetic Biology for Synthetic Drugs and Fuels Jay Keasling University of California, Berkeley Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Malaria

Chloroquine-based drugs Source: Roll Back Malaria World Malaria Report 2005

Artemisinin the best anti-malarial drug

Current process Purification Chemical Conversions Artemisinin Plant synthesis Artemether Artesunate Artelinate

Artemisinin demand analysis Millions of treatments 350 Total ACT Demand 300 Malaria Cases (millions) 247 in 2006 250 200 150 100 50 ACTs delivered 135 in 2020 GMAP target ACTs delivered (actual) BCG Demand forecast scenarios Demand forecasts from other groups 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Source: Boston Consulting Group

Artemisinin price swings Artemisinin prices ($/kg) Food prices (indexed to Jan 2002) Commodity food prices Artemisinin prices 2002 2003 2004 Source: Boston Consulting Group 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Artemisinin supply Tonnes of Artemisinin 350 Historic production Stock from previous year Minimum production floor Variable production Demand 300 250 200 150 100 50 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Source: Boston Consulting Group 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Current process Purification Chemical Conversions Artemisinin Plant synthesis Artemether Artesunate Artelinate

Microbial process Purification Chemical Conversions Artemisinin Microbial synthesis Artemether Artesunate Artelinate

Microbial synthesis of artemisinin

Improvements in yield lower artemisinin costs Current cost of API Cost with new process $1. 00/g $. 10/g

Research, Development & Delivery Keasling Laboratory Amyris Biotechnologies

Global Warming and Energy Security

Petroleum-based transportation fuels CO 2

Corn to Ethanol CO 2

Corn to Ethanol CO 2

Corn to Ethanol CO 2

Corn is not an ideal energy crop • Water requirements • Fertilizer requirements • Bred to be a food crop

Biomass to Ethanol CO 2

US annual biomass inventory 1. 3 billion tons Corn stover 19. 9% Wheat straw 6. 1% Soy 6. 2% Crop residues 7. 6% Grains 5. 2% Perennial crops 35. 2% Manure 4. 1% Urban waste 2. 9% Forest 12. 8% From: Billion ton Vision, DOE & USDA 2005

Billion Barrels of Oil Equivalents How much fuel can we produce from 1. 3 billion tons of biomass? 2007 US Petroleum Consumption 7. 6 7 6 5 4 3 2 2007 US Imports 4. 4 2007 US Domestic Production 2. 5 Energy from burning biomass 3. 5 Fuel yields from biomass using mid-term conversion technology 1. 9 1 0

Biomass to Ethanol CO 2

Ethanol is not an ideal fuel

Repurposing a microbial production platform

Repurposing a microbial production platform Biofuel

Engineered microbes produce oil and advanced biofuels

Biomass to advanced transportation fuels CO 2

The Joint Bio. Energy Institute (jbei) CO 2

jbei: a Bay Area Partnership

jbei’s Research Program CO 2

jbei: a single location

jbei: an incubator for great ideas and the green economy Petroleum Companies Biotech Companies Biofuels Companies Plant Genetics Companies Feedstock Companies Chemical Companies