Syntax Word patterns English 306 A Harris 1

Syntax Word patterns English 306 A; Harris 1

Syntactic arguments Syntactic form • • Syntactic functions Linear Sentence patterns Grammatical roles Phrase structure rules Hierarchical structure • Event schemata • Semantic roles • “Energy” flow S NP N Homer preens V P V Homer preens DOING Agent: Homer English 306 A; Harris 2

Linear Sequence English basic sentence patterns (p. 89) V 1 V 2 V 3 VCOP VCOMP VT-COMP 1 argument (Subj) Intransitive 2 arguments (Subj, DObj) Transitive 3 arguments (Subj, DObj, IObj) Ditransitive 2 arguments (Subj, Comp) Copulative Complement 2 argument (Subj, Comp) 3 arguments Transitive-complement (Subj, DObj, Comp) English 306 A; Harris 3

S NP VP V 1 NPs VPs Homer preens. V 2 Homer loves his blanket. V 3 Homer throws the dog a bone. VCOP Homer is incredibly sexy. VCOMP Homer goes to the bar. VT-COMP Homer throws a bone to the dog. English 306 A; Harris 4

S NP VP V 1 NPs VPs Homer preens. V 2 Homer loves his blanket. V 3 Homer throws the dog a bone. VCOP Homer is incredibly sexy. VCOMP Homer goes to the bar. VT-COMP NPs AP PPs Homer throws a bone to the dog. English 306 A; Harris 5

Basic English phrase structure S NP VP NP (Det) (AP)* N (PP) AP (Deg) A PP P NP VP (Aux) V (NP) (PP)* VPCOP (Aux) VCOP AP NP PP English 306 A; Harris 6

Phrase Structure Rules X Y XY (X) X* X Y X X X “is a” Y precedes Y is optional iterates: 1 - ∞ Xs or Y English 306 A; Harris 7

Phrase Structure Rules Hierarchy S NP VP Linear Sequence English 306 A; Harris 8

Structural analysis Lexical Syntactic Noun NP AP Adjective Noun A blackboard N black board English 306 A; Harris 9

Phrase structure Syntactic analysis NP AP Det A N the black board English 306 A; Harris 10

Phrase structure Syntactic analysis NP AP Det Deg the very A N black board English 306 A; Harris 11

Sexy Homer is sexy English 306 A; Harris 12

Linear Sequence Sexy Homer N VCOP Adj Homer is sexy English 306 A; Harris 13

Hierarchy Sexy Homer NP VPCOP AP N VCOP Adj Homer is sexy English 306 A; Harris 14

Hierarchy Sexy Homer S NP VPCOP AP N VCOP Adj Homer is sexy English 306 A; Harris 15

Hierarchy Sexy Homer Copular verb phrase S NP VPCOP AP N VCOP Adj Homer is sexy English 306 A; Harris 16

Hierarchy Sexy Homer Copular verb phrase S NP VPCOP NP N VCOPDet N Homer is a sexpot English 306 A; Harris 17

Hierarchy Sexy Homer S NP N Copular verb phrase VPCOP PP VCOP P NP N Homer is in trouble English 306 A; Harris 18

Linear Sequence The preening Homer preens English 306 A; Harris 19

Linear Sequence The preening Homer N V Homer preens English 306 A; Harris 20

Hierarchy The preening Homer NP VP N V Homer preens English 306 A; Harris 21

Hierarchy The preening Homer S NP VP N V Homer preens English 306 A; Harris 22

Hierarchy The preening Homer Intransitive verb phrase S NP VP N V Homer preens English 306 A; Harris 23

Linear Sequence The loving Homer loves his blanket English 306 A; Harris 24

Linear Sequence The loving Homer N V Det N Homer loves his blanket English 306 A; Harris 25

Hierarchy The loving Homer NP N NP V Det N Homer loves his blanket English 306 A; Harris 26

Hierarchy The loving Homer VP NP N NP V Det N Homer loves his blanket English 306 A; Harris 27

Hierarchy The loving Homer S VP NP N NP V Det N Homer loves his blanket English 306 A; Harris 28

Hierarchy The loving Homer Transitive verb phrase S VP NP N NP V Det N Homer loves his blanket English 306 A; Harris 29

Linear Sequence Homer’s eating habits The big bald guy eats crap English 306 A; Harris 30

Linear Sequence Homer’s eating habits Det Adj N V N The big bald guy eats crap English 306 A; Harris 31

Hierarchy Homer’s eating habits NP AP AP Det Adj NP N V N The big bald guy eats crap English 306 A; Harris 32

Hierarchy Homer’s eating habits NP VP AP AP Det Adj NP N V N The big bald guy eats crap English 306 A; Harris 33

Hierarchy Homer’s eating habits S NP VP AP AP Det Adj NP N V N The big bald guy eats crap English 306 A; Harris 34

Structural ambiguity I saw the man from the store. 1. 2. I was in the store, I looked out the window, and I saw the man: “from the store” modifies ‘saw’. 2. The man is associated with the store, and I saw him: “from the store” modifies ‘the man’. English 306 A; Harris 35

Structural ambiguity Same linear sequence, different hierarchy S S VP NP VP N P NP Pro V Det N P P NP N P P Det N Pro V Det N I saw the man from the store. P P NP P Det N I saw the man from the store. English 306 A; Harris 36

Structural ambiguity Same linear sequence, different hierarchy S S VP VP N P NP NP P P N P Pro V I saw the man from the store. English 306 A; Harris 37

Structural ambiguity Same linear sequence, different hierarchy Subject Object Comp. I saw the man from the store. Patient Location Subject Object I saw the man from the store. English 306 A; Harris Patient 38

Sentences Homer preens. Homer loves his blanket. Homer eats crap. The fat bald guy eats vast quantities of arteryhardening crap. The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone. English 306 A; Harris 39

Verbs Homer preens. Homer loves his blanket. Homer eats crap. The fat bald guy eats vast quantities of arteryhardening crap. The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone. English 306 A; Harris 40

Arguments Homer preens. V 1 Homer loves his blanket. V 2 Homer eats. V 1 Homer eats crap. V 2 The fat bald guy eats vast quantities of artery. V 2 hardening crap. The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone. V 3 English 306 A; Harris 41

Sentences Homer is sexy. Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy. Homer is in the kitchen. Homer goes to the bar. The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper. Marge bakes a cake for Maggie. Bart throws a bone to the dog English 306 A; Harris 42

Verbs Homer is sexy. Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy. Homer is in the kitchen. Homer goes to the bar. The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper. Marge bakes a cake for Maggie. Bart throws a bone to the dog. English 306 A; Harris 43

Arguments Homer is sexy. VCOP Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy. VCOP Homer is in the kitchen. VCOP Homer goes to the bar. VCOMP The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper. V 2 Marge bakes a cake for Maggie. VT-COMP Bart throws a bone at the dog. VT-C 0 MP English 306 A; Harris 44

Semantic roles Patient Essive Homer is sexy. Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy. Homer is in the kitchen. Homer goes to the bar. The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper. Marge bakes a cake for Maggie. Bart throws a bone at the dog. English 306 A; Harris 45

Semantic roles Homer Patientis sexy. Essive Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy. Homer is in the kitchen. Homer goes to the bar. The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper. Marge bakes a cake for Maggie. Bart throws a bone at the dog. English 306 A; Harris 46

Semantic roles Homer is sexy. Homer operations guy. Patientis a nuclear-plant Essive Homer is in the kitchen. Homer goes to the bar. The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper. Marge bakes a cake for Maggie. Bart throws a bone at the dog. English 306 A; Harris 47

Semantic roles Homer is sexy. Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy. Agent is in the Goal Homer kitchen. Homer goes to the bar. The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper. Marge bakes a cake for Maggie. Bart throws a bone at the dog. English 306 A; Harris 48

Semantic roles Homer is sexy. Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy. Homer is in the kitchen. Patient Possessor Homer goes to the bar. The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper. Marge bakes a cake for Maggie. Bart throws a bone at the dog. English 306 A; Harris 49

Semantic roles Homer is sexy. Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy. Homer is in the kitchen. Homer goes to the bar. Agent Patient Receiver The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper. Marge bakes a cake for Maggie. Bart throws a bone at the dog. English 306 A; Harris 50

Semantic roles Homer is sexy. Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy. Homer is in the kitchen. Homer goes to the bar. The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper. Agent Marge bakes. Patient a cake for. Goal Maggie. Bart throws a bone at the dog. English 306 A; Harris 51

Semantic Roles Role Definition Agent The entity that performs the action Patient The entity undergoing the action; the object of the experience Experiencer The entity that experiences the state Receiver The entity that receives something from the action Essive Anything predicated by the (main) verb “to be” Possessor The entity who possesses something. Source The starting point for a movement Goal The end point for a movement Path The route over which movement happens Time The time an event occurs Location The place an event happens English 306 A; Harris 52

Event schemata Being Happening Doing Experiencing Having Moving Transferring x e l p m i S x e pl m o C English 306 A; Harris 53

Semantic Roles Role Event Schemata Agent DOING, MOVING, TRANSFERRING Patient BEING, HAPPENING, DOING, EXPERIENCING, HAVING, MOVING, TRANSFERRING Experiencer EXPERIENCING Receiver TRANSFERRING Essive BEING Possessor HAVING, TRANSFERRING Source Goal MOVING, TRANSFERRING Path Time Location ALL English 306 A; Harris 54

Simplex event schemata Being Happening Doing Experiencing Having Subject NP ≈ Patient Complement ≈ Essive E. g. s Homer is large. Homer is a safety inspector. VCOP Homer is in the shower. ts n s e t c m e le es bj nts p u m siv S tie o C Es Pa English 306 A; Harris 55

Simplex event schemata Being Happening Doing Experiencing Having Subject NP ≈ Patient E. g. s Homer fell. Homer ages. Homer stumbled. V 1 ts c je ts b Su tien Pa English 306 A; Harris 56

Simplex event schemata Being Happening Doing Experiencing Having Subject NP ≈ Agent E. g. s Homer eats. Homer yells. V 1 ts c je s b Su gent A English 306 A; Harris 57

Simplex event schemata Being Happening Doing Experiencing Having Subject NP ≈ Agent (Object NP ≈ Patient) E. g. s Homer eats. Homer yells. Homer catches Bart. Homer ts kissed Marge. c je s b Su gentst ts A jec c e ts j b b s O tien Su gent A Pa English 306 A; Harris V 1 V 2 58

Simplex event schemata Being Happening Doing Experiencing Having Subject NP ≈ Experiencer (Object NP ≈ Patient) E. g. s Homer laments. V 1 Homer loathes Flanders. Homer saw Chief Wiggum. V 2 English 306 A; Harris 59

Simplex event schemata Being Happening Doing Experiencing Having Subject NP ≈ Experiencer (Object NP ≈ Patient) E. g. s Homer laments. V 1 Homer loathes Flanders. Homer saw Chief Wiggum. V 2 s ts r Homer watched (Contrast: Chief t c c e j b nce s b t Wiggum. ) u n O e S ri ie t e a p P x E English 306 A; Harris 60

Simplex event schemata Being Happening Doing Experiencing Having Subject NP ≈ Possessor Object NP ≈ Patient E. g. s Homer has three kids. Homer has a keen sense of smell. Homer has chicken pox. V 2 Homer owns a dog. Homer possesses a hatbox. ts ts c c s e je ts bj sor b u O tien S ses a s P o P English 306 A; Harris 61

Complex event schemata Moving. Happening/Doing Transferring Simplex occurrence (Happening or Doing) with explicit reference to motion. Start = Source End = Goal Route = Path English 306 A; Harris 62

Complex event schemata Moving. Happening/Doing Transferring Simplex occurrence (Happening or Doing) with explicit reference to motion. Happening + Source/Path/Goal Doing + Source/Path/Goal English 306 A; Harris 63

Complex event schemata Moving. Happening Transferring Happening + Source/Path/Goal Subj NP ≈ Patient Complements ≈ Source, Path, Goal English 306 A; Harris 64

Complex event schemata Moving. Happening Transferring Happening + Source/Path/Goal E. g. s Homer staggered home from Apu’s. Homer staggered home, down the sidewalk from Apu’s. English 306 A; Harris 65

Complex event schemata Moving. Happening Transferring Happening + Source/Path/Goal Homer staggered home, down the sidewalk from Apu’s. Patient Goal Path English 306 A; Harris Source 66

Complex event schemata Moving. Doing Transferring Doing + Source/Path/Goal E. g. s Homer climbed out of the window. Homer climbed up Mount Splashmor from base camp to the summit. Homer ran screaming across the bac yard to Flander’s. English 306 A; Harris 67

Complex event schemata Moving. Doing Transferring Doing + Source/Path/Goal Homer ran screaming across the back yard to Flander’s. Agent Path English 306 A; Harris Goal 68

Complex event schemata Moving Transferring Having + Moving. Happening Moving. Doing A complex schema already Happening or Doing + Source/Path/Goal English 306 A; Harris 69

Complex event schemata Moving Transferring Having + Moving. Happening E. g. V 2 Bart found a wallet. VT-COMP Homer won $1. 76 from the Springfield Lottery Corporation. English 306 A; Harris 70

Complex event schemata Moving Transferring Having + Moving. Happening VT-COMP E. g. Homer won $1. 76 from the SLC. Having: Possessor Happening: Receiver Moving: Goal English 306 A; Harris Patient Possessor Patient Source 71

Complex event schemata Moving Transferring Having + Moving. Doing E. g. V 2 Homer sold the dog to Moe. VT-COMP English 306 A; Harris 72

Complex event schemata Moving Transferring Having + Moving. Doing E. g. Homer sold the dog. Having: Possessor Moving: Source Doing: Agent English 306 A; Harris Patient 73

Complex event schemata Moving Transferring Having + Moving. Doing E. g. Homer sold the dog to Moe. Having: Possessor Moving: Source Doing: Agent English 306 A; Harris Patient Possessor Patient Goal Patient Receiver 74

Complex event schemata Moving Transferring Having + Moving. Doing E. g. Homer sold Moe the dog. Having: Possessor Patient Moving: Source Goal Patient Doing: Agent Receiver Patient English 306 A; Harris 75

Complex event schemata Moving Transferring Having + Moving. Doing E. g. Homer told his wife a story. Having: Possessor Patient Moving: Source Goal Patient Doing: Agent Receiver Patient English 306 A; Harris 76

Transferring V 3 VT-COMP Homer sold Moe the dog. Homer sold the dog to Moe. Subject I-Object D-Object Possessor Patient Source Goal Patient Agent Receiver Patient Subject Possessor Source Agent D-Object Comp Patient Possessor Patient Goal Patient Receiver S S VP VP PP NP N NP V NP N Det N Homer sold Moe the dog NP NP NP N V Det N P N Homer sold the dog to Moe English 306 A; Harris 77

Syntax The sentence the verb and its arguments the subject and the predicate phrase Event schemata simplex complex (simplex + relocation) semantic roles English 306 A; Harris 78