Sylvia S Mader Immagini e concetti della biologia
Sylvia S. Mader Immagini e concetti della biologia 2 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
C 1 Organization and Homeostasis 3 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Four levels of biological organization 4 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Epithelial tissue Epithelial cells are connected to each other by tight junctions, adhesion junctions and gap junctions. Epithelium lies on a basement membrane, which acts as a scaffolding and anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue. 5 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Epithelial tissue Functions of the epithelium SECRETION PROTECTION SELECTIVE ABSORPTION 6 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Cells of the epithelium 7 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Cells of the epithelium 8 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Cells of the epithelium 9 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Cells of the epithelium 10 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Connective tissue connects, protects and supports other tissues. The most abundant tissue in vertebrates. Connective cells are separated by a collagen-rich fluid called matrix which varies from solid (in bones) to semifluid (in cartilage) to fluid (in blood). 11 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Types of Connective Tissue 12 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Types of Connective Tissue 13 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Blood is different from the other connective tissues WBC RBC Blood has different functions as: • Transport of oxygen • Transport of nutrients • Body heat regulation • p. H regulation • Protection Platelets Plasma 14 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Muscular tissue Muscular cells contains contractile filaments, actin and myosin, that move past each other and change the size of the cell. Major functions: • Locomotion of the organism; • Movement of internal organs. 15 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Muscular tissue 16 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Nervous tissue Major functions: • Sensory input • Sensory output • Communication within organs • Control of muscles and glands • Homeostasis 17 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
dendrite Neurons transmit impulses cell body Neuron cells are composed of: • A cell body (contain nucleus) • Dendrites (for input signals) • An axon (for output signals) axon 18 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Neuroglia cells assist propagation of the impulse and provide nutrients to the neuron. microglia astrocyte Neuroglia cells include microglia (destroy bacteria and remove dead cells), astrocytes (supply nutrients) and oligodendrocytes (insulate neurons). oligodendrocyte 19 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Organs and organ systems Organs combine several tissues that function together and cooperate in organ systems. An organ has a precise structure and performs a specific function. Organs exist in all higher biological organisms. 20 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
The skin covers and protects In humans the skin is divided into two strata: the epidermis (stratified epithelium) and the dermis (dense fibrous connective tissue). A subcutaneous layer, the hypodermis (connective tissue) connects the dermis with underlying structures. 21 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Organ systems work in homeostasis Several organs of a system work together to carry out a complex function as: • Control • Sensory input and motor output • Transport • Maintenance • Reproduction 22 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Control Nervous system coordinates the body actions and transmits signals between different locations. Endocrine system regulates the hormones secretion. 23 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Sensory input and motor output Integumentary system is the attachment site for sensory receptors and provides environmental information. Skeletal and muscular systems are responsible for locomotion in response to nervous system instructions. 24 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Transport Cardiovascular system transports nutrients, gases, hormones and other substances through the body. Lymphatic system is a network of conduits carrying the lymph which returns protein and lipids in excess to the circulation. 25 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Maintenance Digestive, Respiratory and Urinary systems are responsible for maintaining the body efficient and constant through the transformation of nutrients or gases and purifying the organism. 26 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Reproduction Organs of the reproductive system include the genitalia (penis and vulva) and a number of internal organs as the gamete producing gonads (testicles and ovaries). 27 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable, constant conditions of the body’s internal environment which consists of blood and interstitial fluid (tissue fluid). EQUILIBRIUM 28 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Homeostasis All organ systems contribute to maintain within normal limits the internal conditions as body temperature, water content, p. H, glucose and CO 2 concentrations. 29 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
Negative feedback The negative feedback mechanisms is the principal mechanism in homeostasis and is composed of a sensor and a reaction center (i. e. blood glucose levels). Sensor effect Control center effect Sensor 30 Sylvia S. Mader, Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2018
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