Swine Introduction and Breeds Dr Randy Harp Swine

Swine Introduction and Breeds Dr. Randy Harp

Swine Domestication n species n – sus scrofa - wild boar – sus vittatus - domesticated pig n Factors favorable for swine production – prolificacy – conversion of grain and waste to meat – cash flow is quicker

Swine n Factors unfavorable – cost of grain – more sensitive to careless management – susceptibility to diseases – fencing or facilities – labor esp. at farrowing n Future – competition, human consumption of pork

Feeding Swine Basic diet = corn and soybean meal n Pelleted versus bulk ground meal n Basic nutrients n – Protein – CHO – Fat – Vitamins and minerals – Water

Swine Feeding Stages starter pig ration at 10 - 40 lbs (18%) n grower at 40 - 100/125 lbs (16%) n finishing at 125 -250 lbs (12 -14%) n feed efficiency should be around 3: 1 n 3 lbs of feed to - one lb. of wt. gain n replacement gilts - 4 lbs/day n increase feed 2 -3 X during lactation n

Swine Feeding cont. Sows & boars are condition dependent n do not over feed n Soft Pork - caused by lower melting points in the fat caused by feeding certain feeds: ie too much peanut meal n Trichinosis – trad. garbage fed swine n Pale, Soft, and Exudative Pork n

Swine Breeding Purebred: linebreeding, outcrossing n Crossbreeding- hybridization n Company specific n – Commercial industry

Swine Reproduction Gestation- 114 days n Estrous – 21 days n Estrus – 2 -3 days n Birth weight 2 -4 lbs. n Weaning weight 12 -15 lbs. n Days at market (250 lbs) - 180 n

Swine Establishing a herd n n n n Type and breed size and age of animals to purchase Health (diseases) Water quality and availability price selection systems Environmental control (housing) / EPA waste management

Swine Types and breeds of swine n Causes for type n – consumer demand – availability of feeds – breeding type by breeders n Types – meat, bacon, lard

Swine n Major purebred breeds – Hampshire – Yorkshire – Duroc – Spot – Poland – Chester White – Landrace

US Swine Breeds - 40 World wide - Only 8 Industry Impact Four Classifications Sire / Carcass Breeds n Maternal Breeds n Minor Breeds n Swine Company Genetics n

Breeds of Swine n classification by type – lard, meat, or bacon all US breeds are now meat/lean type n 7 major purebreeds vs new and hybrid breeds n Black and Red or sire/Carcass breeds n White or Mother Breeds/Maternal n

Sire/Carcass Breeds Berkshire- black with six white points with erect ears n origin- England/ medium frame size n probably the best mother of colored breeds n Hampshire- black with white belt n origin - Boone County, Kentucky n known as the carcass breed n

Sire/Carcass Breeds Berkshire n Developed: – Berkshire England n Characteristics: – – Black with erect 6 – white points n n Face, legs, tail Noted For: – True Pure Breed – Highest Pork Quality Berkshire Gold - Premium Pork Product

Sire/Carcass Breeds Hampshire- most popular sire or terminal crosses n Poland China- black with six white points with drooping ears n origin- Butler and Warren counties, Ohio n known for their carcass merit and size n

Sire/Carcass Breeds Hampshire n Developed: – – n Hampshire Co. England Imported in 1825 to Kentucky Called “Thin Rinds” Major growth in 30’s Characteristics: – Black with a White Belt n Noted For: – Carcass Traits – Heaviest muscled leanest breed

Colored Breeds cont. n n n Spot - Spotted Poland China until 1961 approx. 50 % white and black with drooping ears origin - Indiana from Gloucester Old Spots imported from England Pietran- known for carcass yield, not qual. Duroc - Red with drooping ears (light sandy to dark red) known for growth, & hardiness

Sire/Carcass Breeds Pietrain n Developed: – Belgium n Characteristics: – – n Spotted Double muscled Noted For: – – Leanness and muscle Below average pork quality

Sire/Carcass Breeds Duroc n Developed: – New Jersey Reds – Sire named “Duroc” n Characteristics: – Red body – Variation is light to dark n Noted For: – – – Ruggedness / durability Feed efficiency Rate of Growth

White Breeds Yorkshire - white with erect ears (occasionally black spots on the skin that does not disqualifiy them to be registered) n known as the “Mother Breed” due to their prolificacy, milking ability, feed efficiency, and structurally sound n origin- England , where it is known as the Large White n

Mother Breeds Yorkshire n Developed: – York county England – Imported in 1830 n Characteristics: – White with Erect ears – A large breed n Noted For: – Maternal characteristics – Most carcass oriented of Mother breeds – “Dual Purpose”

Maternal Breeds Chester White n Developed: – Chester Co Pennsylvania – Mid 1800’s from White hogs in the area n Characteristics: – White body – More Bone “Rugged design compared to other mother breeds” n Noted For: – – – Maternal characteristics Durability Meat quality

White Breeds Chester White- white with drooping ears n origin - Chester and Delaware counties of Pennsylvannia n excellent mothering ability, prolific, and adapt well n

White Breeds American Landrace- white long bodied, level topped, straight snout and lop ears n origin- Denmark n Very prolific and may have 16 to 17 pairs of ribs (normal is 13) n may have black spots or freckles n

Mother Breeds Landrace n Developed: – From Danish Landrace – 1930’s imported n Characteristics: – – – n n n White with Big Droopy ears Fine boned Distinctively long bodied Noted For: Most Prolific Breed Largest litter size

Other Breeds Hereford n Tammworth n OIC - Ohio Improved Chester n Many hybrids for commercial breeding n

Cross Breeding Crossbreeding n Developed: – To improve the hog being developed by utilizing the positives from the breeds selected – Greater performance and growth rates from increased hybrid vigor

Developing F 1 crosses Hampshire Yorkshire

Developing F 1 crosses Hampshire Duroc H D Terminal Boars

Terminal Line Maternal Line