Swine and The Swine Industry Origin and Domestication

Swine and The Swine Industry

Origin and Domestication of Swine • Today’s swine originated from: • European Wild Boar – still exist in Europe • Black and gray or brown • East Indian Pig (several types) • These two crossed to form modern swine breeds

Swine Breeds 1. Maternal breeds – typically white; excel in litter size, fertility, milk production. 2. Paternal (sire) breeds – typically colored; excel in leanness, muscling, growth rate. 3. Corporate swine breeding companies • ie. De. Kalb, Pig Improvement Company (PIC). • sell synthetic “lines” of breeding stock • hybrids of 2 or more breeds to form “lines” • sire/terminal or maternal lines

Yorkshire maternal breed – 1 st in USA England (Large White) white, erect ears excels in: – litter size – milk production – fertility

Chester White maternal breed – 7 th in USA Pennsylvania white, small drooping ears excels in: – litter size – milk production – fertility

maternal breed 4 th in USA Denmark white, large drooping ears excels in: – litter size – milk production – fertility Landrace

Duroc paternal breed – 2 nd in USA New York/New Jersey solid red color excels in: – leanness – growth – muscling

Hampshire paternal sire – 3 rd in USA Boone County, KY black, white belt excels in: – leanness – growth – muscling

Spots (Spotted) paternal sire – 5 th in USA Putnam County, IN black and white spots drooping ears excels in: – leanness – growth – muscling

Poland China Dual purpose – 8 th in USA Warren County, OH black, white on legs, snout and tail drooping ears excels in: – growth – litter size

Berkshire Paternal sire – 6 th in USA England black, white on legs, snout and tail erect ears excels in: – growth – litter size

Swine Breeds n Few (< 1%) purebred hogs in US n Used in some purebreed crossing systems n Crossbreds: 20 -30% more efficient in production n Use terminal and maternal lines and corporate hybrids e. g. Landrace x Yorkshire sows n Hampshire x Duroc boars n

Premier Swine Breeding Company MATERNAL LINES TERMINAL LINES

Grading Pork Carcasses n No standard Quality grades n Must have “acceptable” quality to meet standard Grading System n USDA # 1, 2, 3, 4, Utility n Lean yield from ham, loin, blade shoulder and picnic shoulder n n 1 2 3 4 > 53% 50 – 52. 9 47 - 49. 9 < 47 n Based upon back-fat and muscling score

Ideal Market Hog-Primary Product n Standards set by National Pork Producers Council n Market weight = 260 lbs n Days to 260 lbs = 160 days avg. n Loin eye area = 6. 8 sq. in. avg. n High fat free lean index n from terminal crossbreeding program

Swine Breeds l l l Few (< 1%) purebred hogs in US l Used in some purebreed crossing systems l Source of known genetics for development of hybrids Crossbreds: 20 -30% more efficient in production = HETEROSIS Use terminal and maternal lines and corporate hybrids l e. g. Landrace x Yorkshire sows l Hampshire x Duroc boars

Pork Quality – PSE pork

Pork Quality – PSE pork l Pale, soft l less appealing to consumer l water loss affects yield and profitability for processors l associated with porcine stress syndrome l homozygous recessive l lean, heavily muscled hogs

Finisher Swine Facilities Free Range Nursery or Finisher with Lagoons Sow Farm