Sustaining Wild Species G Tyler Millers Living in

Sustaining Wild Species G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 22 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

Key Concepts Ø Human effects on biodiversity Ø Importance of biodiversity Ø How human activities affect wildlife Ø Management of wildlife

Human Impacts on Biodiversity Fig. 22 -2 p. 561

Increasing Biodiversity Ø Physically diverse habitat Ø Moderate environmental disturbance Ø Small variations in conditions Ø Middle stages of ecological succession

Decreasing Biodiversity Ø Environmental stress Ø Large environmental disturbance Ø Extreme environmental conditions Ø Severe limiting factors Ø Introduction of alien species Ø Geographic isolation

US Diversity Fig. 22 -3 p. 562

Strategies for Protecting Biodiversity Ø Species approach Ø Ecosystem approach Fig. 22 -5 p. 563

Species Extinction Ø Local extinction Ø Ecological extinction Ø Biological extinction

Endangered and Threatened Species Ø Endangered species Ø Threatened (vulnerable) species Ø Rare species Florida manatee Northern spotted owl (threatened) Fig. 22 -7 p. 564 Gray wolf Florida panther © 2004 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning Bannerman's turaco (Africa)

Extinction Risks Ø Factors: population size, habitat, and genetics Ø Population viability analysis Ø Minimum viable population Ø Minimum dynamic area Ø Characteristics of extinction-prone species (refer to Fig. 22 -8 p. 566)

Extinction Rates Ø Background (natural) rate of extinction Ø Mass extinction Ø Adaptive radiations

Why Should We Care About Biodiversity? Ø Instrumental value Ø Intrinsic value See Spotlight p. 571 Fig. 22 -10 p. 569

Causes of Depletion of Wild Species Ø Human population growth Ø Failure to value the environment or ecological services Ø Increasing per capita resource use Ø Increasing use of Earth’s primary productivity Ø Poverty

Causes of Premature Extinction of Wild Species Ø Habitat degradation Ø Introduction of non-native species Fig. 22 -12 p. 572

Threats from Nonnative Species Arrival Roles of nonnative species Examples (p. 576) See Connections p. 577 and Case Study p. 579 Fig. 22 -19 p. 579

Other Extinction Threats Hunting and Poaching Predators and Pest Control Exotic Pets and Decorative Plants Climate Change and Pollution

Protecting Wild Species: The Research and Legal Approaches Ø Bioinformatics Ø International Treaties: CITES Ø National Laws: Lacey Act Endangered Species Act Ø Habitat conservation plans

Protecting Wild Species: The Sanctuary Approach Ø Wildlife refuges and protected areas Ø Gene banks, botanical gardens, and farms Ø Zoos and Aquariums

Wildlife Management Ø Laws regulating hunting and fishing Ø Harvest quotas Ø Population management plants Ø Improving habitat Ø Treaties and laws for migrating species