Sustainable Recycling Industries Advance raw materials stewardship in

Sustainable Recycling Industries Advance raw materials stewardship in developing countries Promoting green industries in developing countries UNIDO side event @ BC-COP 11, Geneva / Switzerland, 2 May 2013 Mathias Schluep & Rolf Widmer, Empa

Developing countries are endowed with a variety of resources in large amounts renewable non-renewable secondary For many developing countries represent a substantial part of their economic wealth Dependency on raw materials may also hinder the development process to a certain extent (the resource curse) 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro 2

Seco's engagement in 'raw materials' SECO places great importance on ensuring that the exploitation of agricultural and mineral raw materials benefits the countries and their populations. Switzerland supports bilateral and multilateral programmes (i. e. IMF and/or the World Bank) to promote a sustainable raw materials sector SECO focuses on three areas: Non-renewable raw materials Renewable agricultural raw materials Secondary raw materials from recycled materials 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro 3

SECO project examples Forest Carbon Partnership Facility World Bank: REDD readiness, CHF 9 Mio. Indexbasierte Wetterversicherungen (Weltbank), z. B. Indien Biotrade Facilitation Program (UNCTAD, IFC); national Biotradeprogramme Peru, Vietnam Sustainability standards for renewable resources: wood, biofuels, coffee, cotton Access & Benefit Sharing (ABS) – bio diversity convention 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro 4

(Secondary) resources recovery is mainly done in the informal sector ~ 25’ 000 people work in the informal plastic recycling sector in New Delhi, India 2. May 2013 ~ 10’ 000 workers engage in the informal e-waste recycling sector in Accra, Ghana Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro 5

The uncontrolled conditions in the informal sector result in various threads Environ. pollution Health hazards Cross contamination Open cable burning is a major source for dioxines Informal gold leachers inhale toxic fumes The lead content in recycled plastics often lies above legal levels 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro 6

Swiss e-Waste programme by SECO in cooperation with Empa (2003 – 2013) Colombia China ■ E-waste assessment and studies ■ Legal framework for e-waste ■ Collective take-back scheme ■ Public-private roundtable ■ Technical research ■ E-waste assessment and studies ■ Legal framework for e-waste ■ Technical Standards ■ Bo 2 W Project India ■ E-waste assessment and studies ■ Clean e-waste channel for «Cyber ■ ■ City» Bangalore e-Waste Agency (EWA) Alternative business models for the informal sector South Africa Peru ■ E-waste assessment and studies ■ Legal framework for e-waste ■ Capacity building for recyclers ■ Private and public take-back campaigns ■ Public-private roundtable 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro ■ E-waste assessment and studies ■ Collective take back scheme (e. WASA) ■ Green e-waste channels ■ Recycling pilot plant ■ Technical standards and audit schemes 7

New Programme 2013 - 2016 Sustainable Recycling Industries (SRI)

«Sustainable Recycling Industries» addresses the demand for standards Impact Development objectives are: “The sustainable integration and participation of small and medium enterprises from developing and transition countries in the global recycling of secondary non renewable resources”. 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro 9

The new programme engages in three areas Recycling Initiatives Secondary raw materials stewardship (global) India South Africa Hazardous substances in (WEEE) plastics Recycling of cooling and freezing appliances Colombia, Peru, Ghana, Egypt Sustainable management of e-waste Life Cycle Inventories (Brazil, Egypt, India, South Africa) 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro 10

For the three areas the programme aims to achieve the following results: • Output • 2. May 2013 • Secondary raw materials stewardship: Policies and standards for the sustainable management of secondary resources are internationally promoted, recognized and implemented in SECO partner countries. Recycling Initiatives: Local capacities for sustainable recycling industries are created, aiming at competitive secondary resource recovery through environmentally and socially sound processes. Life Cycle Inventories: Basic information required to declare and compare the environmental and social life cycle performance for industrial activities along the (reverse) supply chains in developing and transition countries is available and used for enhancing sustainable trade schemes. Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro 11

The Programme organization includes experts in the field and builds strong local partnerships Advisory Council (CH based) Programme Management Life Cycle Inventories Recycling Initiatives International experts Strong local partnerships (government, industry, NGOs) 2. May 2013 Secondary raw materials stewardship International Initiatives & Platforms International stakeholder process Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro 12

Secondary Raw Materials Stewardship

Labels or Regulation ? Labels and regulations work in synergy and are complementary Labels bring awareness & help in geographic regions where regulations are insufficient Regulations may level the playing ground commons. wikimedia. org 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro 14

Do Labels / Standards help? www. wikipedia. org A label is a piece of paper, polymer, cloth, metal, . . . affixed to a container or article, on which is printed a legend, information concerning the product, addresses, etc. Technical standard, an established norm or requirement about technical systems 2. May 2013 International standard, standards suitable for worldwide use Open standard, a standard that is publicly available Standards organization, an entity primarily concerned with maintaining standards Standardization, the process of establishing technical standards Standard operating procedure, a step-by-step instruction to achieve a desired result Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro 15

WS 3: "Closing resource loops: Distinguishing good from bad in the secondary commodity market" 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro 16

St. EP Summer School @ WRF 2011 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro 17

Primary Raw Materials e. g. Conflict Minerals Standards / Product Ratings Section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank Act (2011): The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is mandated to create rules that address potential conflict materials (e. g. blood diamonds). . . from near the Democratic Republic of the Congo. . . develop a strategy to address the linkages between human rights abuses, armed groups, mining of conflict minerals, and commercial products, and promoted peace and security in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The UN Security Council committee charged with overseeing conflict minerals issues reported that this legislation was a "catalyst" for efforts to save lives by cutting off a key source of funding for armed groups. 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro The Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance (IRMA) 18

Secondary Raw Materials e. g. WEEE Standards / Product Ratings BAN's Standard based on World Reuse, Repair and ISO 14001, OHSAS Recycling Association 18001, global social (Fair Trade Recycling) accountability standard SA 8000, . . . WEEELABEX is a multi-stakeholder project laying down a set of European standards with respect to WEEE management Recycling Industry Operating Standard (RIOS), comprehensive environmental, health & safety, and quality management system that integrates the best aspects of ISO 14001, ISO 9001, and OHSAS 18001, R 2 Practices, produced by U. S. EPA, electronics manufacturers (e. g. Dell, HP) recyclers, trade groups, and Environmental NGOs the. 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro EPEAT® is a comprehensive environmental rating that helps identify greener computers and other electronic equipment. 19

The Future: CENELEC WEEE Standard ? Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique (CENELEC) has accepted the EU mandate for standardization work in the field of WEEE Swiss Association for Standardization (SNV) is Switzerland’s interface to other national and international standards networks (ISO, CEN, . . . ) 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro

What are the challenges ? To make informal and formal recyclers in developing countries compliant (conformity assessments) To extend quality indicators of compliant schemes from hazardous and valuable substances also to the rest (e. g. critical metals) To guarantee tracebility of secondary commodities / raw materials

RSB a Blueprint? RSB is committed to an equitable, open and transparent standard-setting process, following the ISEAL Code of Good Practice for Setting Social and Environmental Standards Set of standards describe the requirements related to RSB certification - it applies to any type of feedstock worldwide The RSB EU-RED consolidated standards is adapted for compliance with the Renewable Energy Directive, they received the recognition of the European Commission on July 19, 2011 The. Scientist, Peter and Maria Hoey 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro

Recycling Initiatives

The recycling Initiatives are focusing on three main activity lines Secondary raw materials stewardship Recycling Initiatives Conformity Assessment ensure level playing fields Technology Partnerships promote appropriate technologies Financing Mechanisms ensure long term feasibility Life Cycle Inventories 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro 24

Colombia was partnering with the SECO/Empa “Swiss e-Waste Programme” since 2009 An e-waste law based on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is to be approved anytime soon. Planned activities include: Policy Implementation: aims at supporting the ongoing activities in policy development. Conformity Assessment: aims at introducing recycling standards, identifying and training a conformity assessment body and establishing a monitoring system in Colombia. Management Systems: aims at supporting and implementing producer platforms for the take-back and recycling of e-waste. 13. February 2013 SRI Launch @ ICT 4 S @ ETHZ 25

Peru was partnering with the SECO/Empa “Swiss e-Waste Programme” since 2009 Published the Reglamento RAEE, an ewaste bill which addresses all e-waste categories and is based on Extended Producer Responsibility Planned activities include: Policy Implementation: aims at supporting the ongoing implementation process of the e -waste bill. Conformity Assessment: aims at introducing recycling standards, identifying and training a conformity assessment body and establishing a monitoring system in Colombia. Management Systems: aims at supporting and implementing producer platforms for the take-back and recycling of e-waste. 13. February 2013 SRI Launch @ ICT 4 S @ ETHZ 26

Ghana is one of the main hub in Africa for second -hand EEE and illegal e-waste imports Under the Basel Convention “Where are WEEE in Africa” project, the government developed a national e-waste strategy. Planned activities include: Conformity Assessment: aims at introducing recycling standards and initiates the conformity assessment system. Technology Partnerships: aims at implementing business development models to transfer harmful recycling processes into sound processes in cooperation with the informal sector. Financing Mechanisms: aims at developing incentive mechanisms under the principle of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). 13. February 2013 SRI Launch @ ICT 4 S @ ETHZ 27

Egypt addresses the e-waste challenges through a multi-stakeholder process under the government led «Green ICT initiative» Local partners (CEDARE) with support of Empa and under consultation of the stakeholders related to the Egypt Green ICT Initiative, executed a “Needs assessment of the e-Waste Sector in Egypt” Planned activities include: Conformity Assessment: aims at introducing recycling standards and initiates the conformity assessment system. Technology Partnerships: aims at implementing a 'youth incubator programme' for e-waste recycling in the informal sector, providing financial, administrative, legal, and technical support. Financing Mechanisms : aims at developing incentive mechanisms under the principle of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro 28

India has been partnering with the SECO/Empa “Swiss e-Waste Programme” from 2003 - 2008 In 2011 Toxics Link with support of Empa and under consultation of stakeholders related to the new Indian e-waste regulation, executed a study on improving plastic management in Delhi related to waste plastic generated from e-waste. Planned activities include: Conformity Assessment: aims at supporting guidelines for the monitoring of in the entire plastic recycling processing chain. Technology Partnerships: establish knowledge partnerships between Indian stakeholders and the Swiss Plastics Training and Technology Centre (KATZ). Financing Mechanisms : develop and test new financing mechanisms to extract plastics containing banned and problematic additives from the market and safely destroy them. 13. February 2013 SRI Launch @ ICT 4 S @ ETHZ 29

South Africa has been partnering with the SECO/Empa “Swiss e-Waste Programme” from 2003 until 2009 In a local stakeholder consultation “Fair recycling” in cooperation with Swiss Contact and Empa assessed the local demand for a recycling initiative for CFCcontaining cooling appliances. Planned activities include: Assess the feasibility of e-waste management operations – in particular recycling of CFC-containing cooling appliances. This includes preparing a business case for possible investors and the base documents for a possible carbon credit project. 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro 30

Life Cycle Inventories

ecoinvent is a global Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database More than 4000 international, transparent unit process LCI datasets resource extraction, material & energy supply, chemicals, metals, agriculture, waste management, transport services, … Based on industry data, compiled by independent experts Used by more than 4000 members in more than 50 countries Included in the leading LCA software and eco-design tools worldwide ecoinvent is a not-for-profit competence centre of 5 Swiss research institutes 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro Swiss Centre For Life Cycle Inventories 32

There is a demand for Life Cycle Management in emerging economies Environmental issues are increasing dramatically in emerging economies International customers demand supply chain data Life cycle-based regulations in developed countries may cause international trade disputes Swiss Centre For Life Cycle Inventories → Strong demand for Life Cycle - based studies and LCI data 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro 33

SRI addresses this demand by creating capacity and LCI data The goal is to: Build expertise on life cycle thinking and LCA Create capacity for LCI data collection and LCA studies Create LCI data for local (and global) studies Build regional networks that grow into self-sustaining competence centers Swiss Centre For Life Cycle Inventories 4 Regions: Northern Africa (Egypt) Sub-Saharan Africa (South Africa) South Asia (India) Latin America (Brazil) 2. May 2013 Ex. COP 11, SRI Intro 34

Thank you! Dr. Mathias Schluep Empa, Technology and Society Lab mathias. schluep@empa. ch www. empa. ch/tsl www. wasteguide. info Dr. Olivier Bovet SECO, Trade Promotion olivier. bovet@seco. admin. ch www. seco-cooperation. admin. ch