Sustainable Manufacturing Systems Analysis Professor Nour El Kadri

Sustainable Manufacturing Systems Analysis Professor: Nour El Kadri e-mail: nelkadri@ site. uottawa. ca

Sustainable Manufacturing n n Origins of Sustainable Manufacturing: Sustainability Sustainable Manufacturing Concepts & Examples – – Principles of Sustainability Methods/Guidelines/Regulations Metrics/Indicators Tools

Origins of Sustainable Manufacturing: Sustainability Manufacturing Consumables Workforce Tools Product Complexity Impacts Facilities Part Precision

Sustainable Manufacturing is known as a “process by which materials are removed, conserved, and added for the purpose of making products. ” [Dorfeld, 2008] This has traditionally been an inefficient process which is resource and energy intensive and has not yet reached a sustainable state. There are many contemporary frameworks which exist to guide understanding and application of sustainable practices in the world of manufacturing. There also many tools, methodologies and collections of metrics used to apply these frameworks. Sustainable Manufacturing principles methods metrics Principles, Methods & Metrics Social, Economic & Environmental Themes

Sustainable Manufacturing Concepts & Examples Principles embody certain collections of values which have come to be associated with sustainability concerns at different scopes and scales. (Analytical) methods, (action-oriented) guidelines/scorecards/criteria/decision-making strategies and (evaluatory) regulations/standards are guided by principles. Some agencies create a variety of principles, methods, standards, and regulations that work to address their cause throughout the product lifecycle. Collections of metrics are used by methods and make up regulations The values embedded in all of these concepts evolve from sustainability's core which requires balancing issues related to ecology/environment, economy/employment and equity/equality Design Guidelines Scorecards, Checklists & Criteria Analytical methods Regulations & Standards Metrics

Principles Guide analysis and action: n n n Design n – Principles of Ecological Design – Design for Disassembly Community/Labor &Ecology – Houston Principles Waste Reduction (Affects the Biosphere and Business) – Circular Economy – Cradle to Cradle – Industrial Ecology Management of Natural Resources in the Biosphere and in Commerce (Managing Impact while Balancing Interests and Values) – Precautionary principle – Natural Step – 5 Capitals Model – Triple Bottom Line Environmental Health & Safety – Green Chemistry – Toxicology Definitions – SCP - Sustainable Packaging – Wal-mart - Sustainable Packaging – SPA – Sustainable Packaging – Sustainable Biomaterials Collaborative – Sustainable Packaging Source: Edwards, A. R. The sustainability revolution. New Society Publishers. 2002

Houston Principles State that the future of a healthy economy and environment are tied, and that labor, environmental and community groups need to work together to take action against corporate power, the undermining of democratic processes and ensure that interests in long-term sustainability are the aim of short-term actions. Created to hold corporations accountable for their impact on: Working people, Communities and The Environment n Purpose: – “Remind the public that the original purpose behind the creation of corporations was to serve the public interest – Seek stricter enforcement of labor laws and advocate for new laws to guarantee working people their right to form organizing. – Make workplaces, communities and the planet safer by reducing waste and greenhouse gas emissions. – Demand that global trade agreements include enforceable labor and environmental standards. – Promote forward-thinking business models that allow for sustainability over the long term while protecting working people, communities, and the environment. ”

Cradle to Cradle “The goal is a delightfully diverse safe and just world with clean air soil power and water economically, equitably, ecologically and elegantly enjoyed. ” n In Cradle to Cradle, n n n Mc. Donough and Braungart (2002) note that a regenerative environment, like a cherry tree, is sustainable. It is a closed loop where Waste (of the system)=(the same system’s) Food. A manufacturing system can function under those same ideals. This concept stresses ecoeffectiveness, quality prior to quantity, and biological and technical resource cycles which recycle in a manner that instead of “downcycling” the quality of materials, upcycles or regenerates. Source: Cradle to Cradle by William Mc. Donough & Michael Braungart North Point Press, 2002

Sustainable Packaging Coalition “to advocate and communicate a positive, robust environmental vision for packaging and to support innovative, functional packaging materials and systems that promote economic and environmental health through supply chain collaboration” – Sustainable Packaging Coalition Sustainable packaging: – Is beneficial, safe & healthy for individuals and communities throughout its life cycle; – Meets market criteria for performance and cost; – Is sourced, manufactured, transported, and recycled using renewable energy; – Maximizes the use of renewable or recycled source materials; – Is manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; – Is made from materials healthy in all probable end of life scenarios; – Is physically designed to optimize materials and energy; – Is effectively recovered and utilized in biological and/or industrial cradle to cradle cycles. Source: http: //www. sustainablepackaging. org/about_sustainable_packaging. asp

n Wal-Mart’s Sustainable Packaging Principles Goals: – Reduce packaging across global supply chain by 5 percent by 2013 ($3. 4 billion of savings) – “The primary goal of the Packaging Sustainable Value Network is to be packaging neutral by 2025, which means all packaging recovered or recycled at our stores and Clubs will be equal to the amount of packaging used by the products on our shelves. ” – Also: 100% Renewable Energy, Zero Waste, Sustain Environment and Resources n Principles: “ 7 R’s” – Remove – Reduce – Reuse – Renew(able) – Recycle(able) – Revenue – Read Image from “The Greening of Wal-Mart” Source: http: //walmartstores. com

Sustainable Packaging Alliance Sustainable Packaging Principles n 4 sustainability principles need to be met by packaging: – effective - provide social and economic benefits; – efficient - provide benefits by using materials, energy and water as efficiently as possible; – cyclic - be recoverable through industrial or natural systems; and – safe - non-polluting and non-toxic. Source: http: //www. sustainablepack. org/research/subpage. aspx? id=7&Page. ID=10

Sustainable Biomaterials Collaborative n n They define a sustainable biomaterial as: – (1) sourced from sustainably grown and harvested cropland or forests, – (2) manufactured without hazardous inputs and impacts, – (3) healthy and safe for the environment during use, and – (4) designed to be reutilized at the end of their intended use such as via recycling or composting. Core principles include: – Reduce the amount of material, product and – Encourage agricultural systems that are sustainable for farmers, the environment, farm packaging used; workers and communities; – Eliminate single-use products that can be – Support small- to mid-sized family owned and neither recycled or composted; operated farms; – Avoid fossil-fuel-based materials in favor of – Do not use genetically modified organisms in materials and products derived from agricultural feedstock production; renewable feedstocks; – Address sustainability across the life cycle of – Use chemicals that meet the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry the material: the growing of the feedstock, manufacturing of the biomaterial and final – Avoid engineered nanomaterials and chemicals product, using the product and reclaiming that have not been tested for environmental the material at the end of its original use; and public health effects across the lifecycle; and – Define sustainability to include issues of environment, health, and social and – Decentralize production and buy local to economic justice; reduce the environmental footprint of production, transportation, and consumption. – Design and use products that are reusable, recyclable or compostable;

Plan A “We call it because there is no Plan B. ” – Marks & Spencer n n A 5 year plan based on 100 Points 5 Pillars, each with a primary goal for 2012: – Climate Change - Become carbon neutral – Waste - Send no waste to landfill – Sustainable Raw Materials - Extend sustainable sourcing – Health - Help improve the lives of people in our supply chain – Fair Partner - Help customers and employees live a healthier lifestyle n Goals with Regard to Packaging – Reduce Use of Packaging by 25 % – Use materials from sustainable or recycled sources (cardboard, metal, glass and plastic) – Restrict range of materials to ones that are easy to recycle or compost – Print simple symbols on packaging – Reduce use of carrier beds by 33% and make all bags from recycled plastics Source: http: //plana. marksandspencer. com

Methods n n n Action-oriented Design Guidelines – SPC – WRAP – Wal-Mart Package Modeling – Johnson&Johnson – IPEN Guidelines Scorecards, Checklists & Criteria – Wal-Mart Scorecard – SCJohnson Analytical Methods – Lifecycle Analysis (Process, EIO, Hybrid) – Footprints (Ecological, Carbon, Water) – SPC COMPASS – SPA Evaluative Regulations & Standards – European Commission – Extended Producer Responsibility – Environmental Product Declaration – Sustainable Product Standard – Ecolabeling Management Tools – Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats Analysis (SWOT Analysis) – Environmental management system – Integrated chain management (ICM) n n Design guidelines – Oriented around principles – Meant to be simple – Aided by decision-making tools – Often voluntary – used by private companies, gov and ngo Scorecards – Quantitative – Often used to check progress – Hard to compare tradeoffs – Implicit assumptions – Innovative changes often not captured Analytical tools – Company specific data, processes, assumptions etc. – Used to track improvement Regulations – Give direction or target for industry – Specific goal(s) (EOL, waste etc) – Top-down rather than bottom-up approach Slide from: http: //me. berkeley. edu/lmas/LMAS_Web/lmas/Presentations

Design Guidelines n Includes various design strategy sections: – Design sustainably – Design for transport – Design with environmental best practice – Design with fair labor and trade practices – Design with renewable virgin materials – Design for reuse – Design for recycling – Design for composting Source: http: //www. sustainablepackaging. org/projects. asp

WRAP’s Guide to Evolving Packaging Design Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP) runs programs to support UK government legislation and private initiatives. n Design Guidelines focus on waste reduction and material checklists, specifically: – Waste hierarchy is applied to packaging – The material checklist weighs pros and cons of each material Future plans include aiming for specific goals beyond waste reduction, (incorporating measures of “carbon, recycled content, recyclability and behavioral change. ”) n [Five Winds International]

Responsible Packaging Code of Practice n From the UK, 2 nd ed. in 2003. n 7 parameters: – Function of packaging – – – through the supply chain Honesty in presentation Convenience in use Instructions, guidance and information Legal requirements Health, safety and consumer protection Environmental aspects § Innovation in materials and products (resource efficiency) § System considerations (packaging should improve sustainability of system and reduce was through system) § Space and weight efficiency (for transportation) § Re-use § Process waste (at all points in supply chain) § Best practice with materials (enable recovery) § Energy recovery and material recycling § Litter Source: http: //www. incpen. org/pages/pv. asp? p=incpen 14

n ’s Sustainable Packaging Scorecard is based on the MERGE Tool template n A supplier’s score, whether for secondary, tertiary or primary packaging follows this formula: – 15% based on carbon dioxide per ton of production (only material manufacturing emissions are measured) – 15% based on material value – 15% based on product-to- package ratio – 15% based on cube utilization – 10% based on transportation – 10% based on recycled content – 10% based on recovery value – 5% based on renewable energy – 5% based on innovation

SCJ Greenlist. TM Packaging Criteria n Rates raw materials on 8 criteria (focus on material, supplier practices and product EOL) – Packaging Minimization – Design for Recyclability – Design for Reusability – Sound Materials Selection – Increased Use of Post Consumer Recycled Content – Use of Renewable Resources – Selection of Printing Methods and Materials – Selection of Environmentally Conscious Supply Partners Each of these criteria has additional metrics associated with different packaging materials (glass, paper, rigid plastic, metal). n Final score is made by averaging each criteria score n Products are categorized on a “better, ” “best” scale n Used to phase out materials, and will license to others n Source www. scjohnson. com/community/greenlist. asp

Life Cycle Analysis n Three scopes – – – n Cradle to gate Cradle to grave Cradle to cradle Three types – Process LCA (addresses environmental inputs and outputs) – EIO LCA (addresses economic inputs and outputs) – Hybrid

Process LCA vs. n Strengths – bottom-up approach – Focus on environmental n impacts of individual components/products – detail-oriented n Weaknesses – Does not include second order, only on-site data/processes – Identification of boundaries of analysis is more difficult for large organizations n n n ECONOMIC INPUT-OUTPUT LCA Strengths – top-down approach – able to use economic tables – sector-focused – large picture, grand scheme view n Weaknesses – assumes price, output and carbon homogeneity for sectors – sectors can only be split up to examine so far Hybrid LCA Current best practice Embeds process systems inside input-output tables There is danger of double counting

Ecological Footprints An ecological footprint is a measure of resource management/use which refers to the amount of global hectares* required to sustain the life/practices being examined. Global hectares are hectares with average global productivity. n The measure is calculated by comparing the biological resources available in a given region (accounting for its ability to create food and absorb waste using status quo technology and practices) to resource demands of an activity/population n n n Ecological Footprint Standards have been developed and adopted by the majority of users. Details of these standards are available at www. footprintstandards. org, which is managed by the Global Footprint Network. Standards help to address calculation nuances, including conversions, measure of land/sea parcels, address nuclear power, varying data sources, import/export data and biodiversity etc. Origin of the per capita ecological footprint (EF) (to highlight differences in lifestyles), carbon footprint (emphasizing the climate change trigger Co 2), water footprint (water-centric metric) Similar to a metric of a more complete life cycle analysis but for the conversion to global hectares. Use with the Living Planet Index of biodiversity from the WWF, or a adaptation of the footprint like Lenzen & Murray’s calculation for Australia is suggested in order to compensate for the metric’s omissions.

Carbon Footprints A carbon footprint calculation measures the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions caused by the activity/instance being measured. This includes direct and indirect emissions. n Scope varies n – “As commonly used today, for example, the term ‘carbon footprint’ often refers to the number of tonnes of carbon emitted by a given person or business during a year, or to the tonnes of carbon emitted in the manufacture and transport of a product. In Ecological Footprint accounts, the ‘carbon Footprint’ measures the amount of biological capacity, in global hectares, demanded by human emissions of fossil carbon dioxide. ” - Global Footprint Standard – Others may address all GHG, only carbon, include/exclude CO, and reflect lifecycle of goods and services (Haven, 2007) n Measures differ – "weight" vs. "footprint“ – Weight already used in calculations, therefore it does not require additional conversions to area measures – Emphasizes need for carbon “diets”

Water Footprint “The water footprint of a nation is defined as the total volume of freshwater that is used to produce the goods and services consumed by the people of the nation. Since not all goods consumed in one particular country are produced in that country, the water footprint consists of two parts: use of domestic water resources and use of water outside the borders of the country. ” - [Hoekstra, A. Y. 2007, p 36] The concept was created to serve as an indicator of water use, as related to consumption. The calculation takes into account direct and indirect use and is calculated by volume evaporated/polluted in a period of time. It is related to the concept of virtual water, “defined as the volume of water required to produce a commodity or service. ” n Calculations require determining three different water footprints: – blue water = surface water and ground water – green water = rainwater stored in the soil as soil moisture. – In the 2 above cases, the associated footprint is the volume of water that evaporated from the water type’s total. – The grey water footprint is the volume of polluted water that associates with the production of all goods and services for the individual or community.

BASF Eco-efficiency Analysis Tool n n n A decision-making analytical tool which uses LCA standards Notes economic , environmental and social metrics 6 environmental parameters: – – – Raw materials consumption Energy consumption Land use Air and water emissions and disposal methods Potential toxicity Potential risks

European Directive 94/62/EC on Packaging and Packaging Waste n Requires that systems to deal with used packaging must be created to meet % goals by weight. For example: – “by no later than 31 December 2011, between 55 and 80% by weight of packaging waste to be Recycled” A target-setting process is repeated every five years to keep the goals up to date. n Focuses attention on: n – – Total amount of packaging recovered, recycled or incinerated Packaging volume and weight Minimize noxious and other hazardous substances and materials Legal requirements for limits of cadmium, hexavalent chromium (chrome IV), lead and mercury – Compostability – Biodegradability European Standards Institute (CEN) created 6 standards to help companies improve the environmental status of their packaging. n Addressed: manufacturing, composition reuse, recycling, energy recovery, composting, and the application of the management systems approach. n

Common Elements n n n Only a few organizations worked to create principles, methods and metrics meant to support a coordinated vision Social indicators of sustainability were largely ignored Ability to provide guidance and educate at the same time, in a time effective manner was lacking Wide audiences made targeted guidance (whether for consumers, or on material use for designers etc. ) rare There is a lack of procedural guidance for action and decision making, rather than high-level suggestions on examining the entire product system. Different regulatory traditions influence effectiveness Information gathered by relevant agents is not always freely available Striking the balance between promoting change, facilitating change, and measuring change had not been reached Methodologies included a collection of important metrics/indicators Large investments in time and upkeep are required Varying levels of academic rigor The methods were created by varied stakeholders and often for multiple audiences

Metrics/Indicators n Importance – Data to information – Inferences from quantitative analysis An indicator is a qualitative value which can be assigned different metrics and a metric can be calculated in different ways n sustainablemeasures. com notes 4 ways to organize indicators: n – – n Category or issue lists – easy to comprehend Goal/indicator matrix – emphasis comprehensiveness Driving force-state-response tables – emphasis on impact Endowments, liabilities, current results, and processes table categories- emphasis on longer term Issues with measures – much depends on use – How variables are weighted or optimized, – Picking the right number to use can be difficult – Openness and transparency increases credibility Source: http: //www. sustainablemeasures. com

Sustainable Metrics Project n Recently launched n Developing a core set of performance indicators to measure the sustainability of packaging and packaging systems. n Will be published after feedback from SPC members

Collections of Metrics International – UN Indicators of Sustainable Development n Localized – U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA’s) Science Advisory Board n NGO – Cradle to Cradle Certification Matrix – Global Reporting Initiative – Living Planet Report – Global Footprint – Redefining Progress n Industry – Metrics from the Wal-mart Scorecard – SCJ Greenlist Packaging Criteria for Specific Materials – MERGE Metrics n

Tools/ Software There are many tools and software available. n Tools – Asbey – The Environmental Impact Estimator - by the ATHENA™ Sustainable Materials Institute. – BEES 3. 0 - by National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. – CMLCA - by Centre of Environmental Science (CML) - Leiden University. . – Sustainable Packaging Coalition- COMPASS – – – – – – Eco-Indicator 99 - by PRé Consultants. ECO-it 1. 3 - by PRé Consultants. Eco. Scan 3. 0 - by TNO Industrial Technology. Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment - by Green Design Initiative of Carnegie Mellon. EDIP PC-tool (http: //www. mst. dk/activi/08030000. htm) - by Danish EPA. The Environmental Impact Estimator - by the ATHENA™ Sustainable Materials Institute. EPS 2000 Design System - by Assess Ecostrategy Scandinavia AB. Ga. Bi 4 Software System and Databases - by PE Europe Gmb. H and IKP University of Stuttgart. GEMIS (Global Emission Model for Integrated Systems) - by Öko-Institut. GREET Model- The U. S. Department of Energy's Office of Transportation IVAM LCA Data 4. 0 - by IVAM. KCL-ECO 4. 0 - by KCL. LCAi. T 4 - by CIT Ekologik. LCAPIX - by KM Limited. MIET 3. 0 - Missing Inventory Estimation Tool - by Centre of Environmental Science (CML). REGIS - by Sinum. Sima. Pro 7 - by PRé Consultants. SPOLD Data Exchange Software - by The Society for Promotion of Life-cycle Assessment. TEAM™ - by Pricewaterhouse Coopers Ecobilan Group. Umberto - by Institute for Environmental Informatics, Hamburg. WISARD™ - by Pricewaterhourse Coopers Ecobilan Group.

n Tools Data – The Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME) – The Boustead Model 5. 0 - by Boustead Consulting. – The ecoinvent Centre - The Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories central database of LCI data and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods data. – IDEMAT 2005 - by Delft University of Technology. – Life-Cycle Inventory Database - by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. – SPINE@CPM - by CPM -

Summary: Themes n n n The influence of qualitative principles can be directly and indirectly seen through design guidelines, analytical methodologies, and regulations. Methods can address economic, environmental or equity concerns, with unique scopes and emphasis – Approaches, users, and lifecycle stages covered are varied Tools are numerous and for as many purposes and audiences as there are methods There is no one solution Identification of goals, scope, audience is crucial to developing benchmarks and quantitative indicators Necessities are not often distinguished from best practices

Final Thought: Complex Tradeoffs “Would a carbon label on every product help us? ” he asked. “I wonder. You can feel very good about the organic potatoes you buy from a farm near your home, but half the emissions—and half the footprint—from those potatoes could come from the energy you use to cook them. If you leave the lid off, boil them at a high heat, and then mash your potatoes, from a carbon standpoint you might as well drive to Mc. Donald’s and spend your money buying an order of French fries. ” -Murlis, quoted in an article by M. Specter , “Big Foot. ” The New Yorker. February 25, 2008

Conclusion The packaging industry is not sustainable n Motivating factors for packaging manufacturing changes include n – Regulatory Mandates (stick) – Economic Advantage (carrot) Change is hindered by a vague regulatory environment, lack of informed customers and missing infrastructure n Qualitative guidelines exists, but concrete quantitative guiding measures, optimized for sustainable packaging, are needed n Further detailed analysis is needed to correlate qualitative concepts with quantitative metrics and parse best practices from necessities n

Academic Journals n n n n n Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering Journal of Packaging Technology and Science Journal of Sustainable Product Design The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment http: //www. scientificjournals. com/sj/lca European Platform on Life Cycle Assessment http: //lca. jrc. europa. eu/ Ecoinvent – Swiss Center For life cycle inventories http: //www. ecoinvent. ch/ Journal of Cleaner Production? International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management Australasian Bioplastics Association (ABA www. carbonlabelca. org http: //www. wrap. org. uk/retail/case_studies_research/index. html Journal of sustainable product design Environmental Impact Assessment Review Management of Environmental Quality The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment Journal of Cleaner Production Journal of Industrial Ecology

Academic Departments n n n n California Polytechnic State University Clemson University www. clemson. edu/pkgsci Fashion Institute of Technology www. fitnyc. edu Indiana State University www. indstate. edu/imt/bs_pt. htm Michigan State University School of Packaging www. packaging. msu. edu Rochester Institute of Technology www. rit. edu/%7 E 719 www/PROGRAMS/BS? ps. htm San Jose State University www. engr. sjsu. edu School for Military Packaging Technology www. smpt. apg. army. mil University of California - Berkeley University of Florida www. ifas. ufl. edu University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign www. fshn. uluc. edu University of Missouri-Rolla www. umr. edu University of Wisconsin-Stout www. uwstout. edu/programs/bsp Virginia Tech www. fst. vt. edu Western Michigan University www. wmich. edu/pci/programs/papr_description. htm

CONFERENCES/WORKSHOPS Natureworks LLC http: //www. innovationtakesroot. com/ Nutec: Nutrients - Upcycling - Triple Topline - Effectiveness - Community http: //www. nutec. de/ European Bioplastics Conference www. european-bioplastics. org Sustainable Packaging Essentials http: //www. sustainablepackaging. org/essentials/ Sustainable Packaging Forum www. packstrat. com (Past) Developing Sustainable Approaches to Design-Make-Serve Cambridge, UK

Industry Publications & Forums n n n ADHESIVE/SEALENTS Adhesive & Sealent Council Pressure Sensitive Tape Council www. pstc. org n n BIODEGRADABLE Biodegradable Products Institute n n CLOTH Textile Bag manufactures association n n GLASS Glass Packaging Institute www. gpi. org Glass Products Institute Glass Technology Services (GTS): www. glass-ts. com British Plastics Federation (BPF): www. bpf. co. uk

Industry Publications & Forums n n LABELS Packaging and Label Gravure Association www. plga. com Printing Industries of America, INC www. gain. net Private Label Manufactures Association www. plma. ocom METALS The Vinyl Institute www. vinylinfo. org Aluminum Association www. aluminum. org Aluminum Foil Container Manufacturers Association afcma. org Can Manufacturers Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, Inc. www. isri. org Metal Packaging Manufacturers Association (MPMA): www. mpma. org. uk n Steel Recycling Institute www. recylce-steel. org n n n n

Industry Publications & Forums PACKAGING n n n n n n Aseptic Packaging Council www. aseptic. org http: //www. packaging-gateway. com/ Flexible Packaging Association The Packaging Federation: www. packagingfedn. co. uk The Packaging Solutions Advice Group (PSAG): www. psag. co. uk Pro-Carton UK: www. procartonuk. com Processing & Packaging Machinery Association (PPMA): www. ppma. co. uk Institute of Grocery Distribution (IGD): www. igd. com Institute of Packaging (Io. P): www. pi 2. org. uk Institute of Packaging Professionals www. lopp. org International Beverage Packaging association www. ibpa. org European Carton Makers Association (ECMA): www. ecma. org Industry Council for Packaging in the Environment (INCPEN): www. incpen. org Liquid Food Carton Manufacturers Association (LFCMA): www. drinkscartons. com Northa American Packaging Association www. paperbox. org National Recycling Coalition www. nrc-recycle. org National Resource Recovery Association www. nrra. net National Association of Suppliers of Printing/Publishing Technology Packaging and Industrial Films Association (PIFA): www. pifa. co. uk Packaging Machinery Manufacturers Institute www. pmmi. org Produce Marketing Association www. pma. com Retail Packaging Manufacturers Association World Packaging Organization www. world packaign. org

Industry Publications & Forums PLASTIC n n n n American Chemistry Council Association of Postconsumer Plastic Recyclers www. american chemistry. com/plastics Center for Plastic Recycling research Film and Bag Federation wwww. plasticsindustry. org Rigid Plastic Packaging Group Society of Plastics Society of the Plastics Industry www. plasticsindustry. org National Association for PET Container Resources www. napor. com National Association of Container Distributors www. nacd. net Plastic Shipping Container Institute www. pscionline. org Plastics Foodservice Packaging Group www. polystyrene. org Society of the Plastics Industries www. socplas. org Society of Plastics Engineers www. 4 spe. org

Industry Publications & Forums FOAM n Alliance of Foam packaging Recyclers www. epspackaging. org n n n n n Solid waste Association of North America www. swana. org Closure Manufacturers Association www. closuremanufactuers. org The Tube Council www. tube. org Composite Can & Tube Institute Consumer Products Manufactures Association www. cpma-global. org Contract Packaging Association www. contractpackaging. org Design Management Institute www. dmi. org Environmental Industry Association www. envasns. org Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container Association www. fibca. com Flexible Packaging Association www. flexpack. org Food Marketing Institute www. fmi. org Food Processing Suppliers Association Foodservice & Packaging Institute Gravure Association of America www. gaa. org Grocery Manufacturers of America www. gmabrands. com International Safe Transit Association www. ista. org Keep America Beautiful www. kab. org

Industry Publications & Forums n n Fibre Box Association www. fibrebox. org Forest Products Society www. Forestprod. org PULP/PAPER/FIBER/WOOD n n n n Association of Independent Corrugated Converters www. aiccbox. org American Forest and Paper Association Boxboard Research & Development Association Confederation of Paper Industries (CPI): www. recycledpaper. org. uk Fibre Box Association International Molded Fibre Association National Wooden Pallet & Container Association Paper Recycling Coalition Paperboard Packaging Council Recycled Paperboard Alliance Recycled Paperboard Technical Association Reusable Pallet and Container Coalition TAPPI – Technical Association of the Pulp & Paper Industry Tag & Label Manufacturers Institute Inc. www. Tlmi. com National Wooden Pallet & Container Association www. palletcentral. com

Government Organizations n n U. S. Business Council for Sustainable Development CA Integrated Waste Management Board Robert Carlson EPA – Office of Solid Waste Department of Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA) www. defra. gov. uk

NGOs n n n n Container Recycling Institute Environmental Defense Green Blue Green Peace IERE Keep America Beautiful National Recycling Coalition Rocky Mountain Institute The Design Council www. design-council. org. uk Envirowise: www. envirowise. org. uk Forest Stewardship Council (FSC): www. fsc. org Forum for the Future: www. forumforthefuture. org. uk London remade / Closed Loop London: www. londonremade. com

n n n Non-Sustainability factors of importance to manufacturers & consumers Price Barrier protection: – Toughness – Tensile strength – Thickness – Seal-ability Permeability (oxygen cause changes in product color, odor and taste; and nutrient loss, product rancidity and microbial spoilage) Surface friction Shrink-ability Aesthetics: color, transparency, & clarity

More References n http: //me. berkeley. edu/lmas/LMAS_Web/l mas/Presentations/Green. Mfg. Overview. Slid es_04_2007. pdf n http: //www. asje. org/principles. html n Principals: D. Dornfeld (ME), PI, M. Taylor (GSPP) Berkeley, J. Greene (ME) CSUChico