Sustainable Engineering 1 9252020 Sustainable Engineering KTU Syllabus

Sustainable Engineering 1 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Air Pollution • Atmosphere thickness- 64 Kms • Atmosphere consists of 5 layers • Troposphere- 6 to 20 Km Stratosphere – 50 km Mesosphere – 85 Km Thermosphere- 690 Km Exosphere – 10000 Km. • • WHO says 2. 4 million people die anually. • 6. 2 lacks are indians. • 2 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Sources of Air pollution • Motor vehicle exhaust • Power stations • Demolition buildings • Road construction • Industry • Volcanic eruptions 3 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Effects of air pollution • On Health • Eye irritation • Nose & throat irritation • Increase in mortality rate & morbility rate. • Chronic pulmonary diseases. . . asthma, bronchitis • Carbon monoxide redily comines with heamoglobin in blood thus replacing oxygen from blood. • Carcinogenic agents cause cancer. 4 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• On plants & animals. Suppressed growth & premature ageing on plants • Leaf bleaching. • • Acid deposition can damage aquatic life • Respiratory problems in animals. • On environment • Reduces visibility due to smog formation • Acid deposition can corrode metals • Discolour bulidings, cloth fabrics. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL 5 9/25/2020

Control measures • Determine the priority of air pollutants- based on health effect. • Perodic air quality monitoring • Adoption of stringent pollution control measures. • Reduction in the use of conventional fuels. • Promotion of use of renewable energy sources. • Afforestation programmes. 6 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Classification Of Air Pollution • Gaseous Pollutants • Particulate Pollutants. • 1. Primary air pollutants- emitted directly from identifiable sources. • Eg; halogen compounds, • Sulphur compounds. • Oxides of nitrogen. • 2. Secondary Air pollutants- produced as a result of two or more primary pollutants. • Eg: Ozone, Formadehyde, Acidmists. 7 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• CO pollution- Colourless , odorless, poisonous gas produced by incomplete cumbustion • CO 2 - • form of smoke, by burning of various fuels. • 8 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

How to control • Catalystic converters for emissions from automobiles. Tall stacks for chimneys • Zoning- making buffer zone. • Growing more trees. • 9 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Water Pollution. • 70% of earth surface • But 97 % is salty. • Last Century. . . • Human population 3 times. • Global water withdrawal has increased 7 times. • Per capita water withdrawal has increased 4 times. 10 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Signs of water pollution • Offensive odours from rivers • Oily & greasy material floating on surfaces of water pollution. • Unchecked growth of aquatic weeds. • Bad taste of drinking water. • Decrease of aquatic life in fresh water bodies. 11 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Natural sources of water pollution. • Rain water Atmosphere • Surrounding water • Underground rocks & volcanoes • Natural run-off. . • Domestic wastewater • Agricultural runoff ( Nitrogen , phosphate, organic matter, pesticides). • • 12 Industrial effluent- 400 billion tons of industrial waste. . 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Water pollutants & its effects • Inorganic salts- nitrates, phosphates etc. . makes water hard. . • Acids/Alkalies- eye irritation to swimmers, if ph value below 5, fish population zero. • Organic matter Suspended solids Floating matter. Domestic waste & sewage. Industrial waste. Oils Bacteria 13 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Thermal discharges-( Nuclear plant, . . industrial waste. . ) Colouring Materials- ( textile industry, paper mills. ) Toxic Chemicals-( cyanides, sulphides) Micro-organisms-( food processing industries, domestic sector. . . ) Radioactive materials • Form producing matter. . • 14 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Sustainable wastewater treatment • Global population by 2050 - Nine billion Various units in waste water treatment • Step 1 Treatment • • large floating matter rags, sticks etc. . . Are removed • Step 2. treatment- • settleable solids are removed. • Step 3. treatment- • dissolved pollutants are biologically degraded with help of micro organisms • Step 4. Advanced- • additional treatment needed to remove impurities which remains after secondary treatment. 15 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

16 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• Aeration – Pumps air into tank , creates microbial growth. Microbes feed on organic material. • Finally Flocs are formed. • 17 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

18 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

19 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

20 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

21 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Control Of water Pollution. • Reduce waste at source. Biodegradation , different toxic chemicals to non toxic chemicals by micro organisms • Chemical treatment • Electro dialysis, ion exchange. • 22 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Sustainable Wastewater Treatment • 1. Operational Sustainability Public. Health- the system should remove the microbes in a consistant manner. • Structural Integrity- manage the peak loads of Waste water. • • 2. Environmental Sustainability Pollution Mitigation- able to remove the pollutants as per the local standards. • Nutrients from waste water should be effectively used. • • 3. Economic. Sustainability- • Affordable Technology. 23 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Options of waste removal • Primary treatment-( 50 -60%) of total suspended solids • Secondary treatment- • 1. Remove bulk of organic content from waste Water. Advantages- Reduce power consumption & carbon footprint. • Decrease inert secondary sludge in landfills. • Increases plant capacity & decrease running cost • • 2. Wetlands & lagoons- shallow ponds where heavy metels are removed, then bacteria & algae perform purification. • 3. Anaerobic Digestion- Anaerobic Bacteria degrade organic materials in the absence of Oxygen & produce methane ( Energy Source). • Soil Aquifer Treatment- partially purified water allowed to pass through different layers of soil to groundwater. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL 24 9/25/2020

Solid Waste • Since human civilization we are generating waste. • Sources • Household waste Industrial waste Biomedical & hospital waste Hazardous waste Municipal solid waste • • 25 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Impacts of solid waste Ground & surface water pollution. • Air pollution due to bad odour • • • 26 Green house gases like carbon di oxide, methane. Increase in acidity of soil Diseases & epidemics Health related problems Depletion of natural resources. Economic loss Environmental degradation. Impact of solid waste on water environment. Impact of solid waste on air. 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Solid Waste management 1. Collection: Segregation of materials at the point of collection. • 2. Processing: Separated materials are processed according the nature of materials for disposal. • ( some wastes can be recycled)- iron, aluminium, lead, tin… • 3. Disposal: placing of solid waste at the final resting place. • 27 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Methods of Waste Disposal • Open Dumping- Health hazard Sanitary land fill- low lying area is selected. • Incineration- burning of solid waste in furnaces • Pulverization- pulverised in machines for changing physical character & • reducing volume • Compositing- organic materials are decomposed & converted into minerals Pyrolysis- waste is heated to 600 -1000 Degree in low oxygen environment. • Disposal into the Sea->30 M at distance 16 -20 Km • 28 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Zero waste concepts • 100% reuse & recycling rate coupled with recovery of all resources from waste materilas. Zero waste seeks to 1. Maximise recycling 2. minimize waste 3. Reduce consumption. • Key elements • • Invest in community waste reduction & recovery systems. • Create more jobs locally. • Product redesign to make it nontoxic & reusable • Reduce subsidies to companies that uses non renewable resources. • 29 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Benefits of zero waste management Saves money. Faster process Suports sustainability Improved material flows. ( smaller quandity of materials & sends no materials to landfills). 30 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

3 R Concept 31 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

32 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Three R Concept of waste management. • Reduce , reuse, recycle. Reduce • Purchase minimum • Eg: Carry your own carry bags for shopping. • By using longlife products • Product design- reduce toxicity, volume. . etc • Hire, share & Borrow • Waste minimization instruments- regulations & policies. • Resource optimization. • • 33 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• • • Reuse-if you replace your computer ensure that the components are reused. Recycle-item cannot be used sent back to industry to breakdown & use as a entirely new product of same type or different type. Eg: Gases, newspaper, aluminium Recycling of lead-acid batteries. ( By law), 90%. . reused. Advantages- Protects environment • Reduce energy consumption • Reduce pollution • Global warmning. • • 34 Conserves natural resources. 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Global Environmental issues • Resource degradation Human life based on ecological balance • Human activities resulted in over exploitation. • Almost 50 % of resource extraction takes place in asia. • North america 20% • Europe & latin america 13%. • Total resource extraction 50 % increase in Last 30 Years. • 35 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• Resources are classified into two. 1. Natural resources • ( atmosphere, water, land, soil. . etc) • 2. Human resources. • • Types of natural resources 1. Exhaustible ( non renewable): • Eg: forest , land, coal , petroleum. . etc ( Finite in quandity) • 2. Inexhaustable ( renewable): • Sunlight, plants, animals. . . etc. . . • “ The depletion of natural resources is called resorce degradation”. • 36 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• Eamples. . Degradation of forest, water, minerals, food resources, energy resources, land resources. . . • Main causes of deforestation. • • Population explotion, agriculture, poverty, mining, forest fires, developmental projects. • Bad effects: • Soil erosion, food insecurity, global warming. . . 37 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• Water: • we already covered. . . • Degradation of mineral resoures. . • Landscape destruction, soil erosion, pollution, accidents, rehabilitation issues, employement. Degradation of food resources • Undernourishment is the major issue • Major agricultural problems. . • Fertilizers, pesticides, salinity. • 38 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• Degradation of energy regources: Industrial resources, urbanisation, population explotion. • Unemployment. . • Poverty. • 39 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• Degradation of land resources: Landslides • Soil erosion, • Desertification( irreversible decline in the biological potential of land). • Ie: soil losses its fertility etc. . • • • Solution Adopt sustainable agricultural practices • Use eco friendly products • Sustainable water tratment • Promote afforastation programmes. • 40 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Global warming 41 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

42 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• Ideal value of Carbon di oxide- 350 ppm • Four levels of carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere frame our choice. 280 ppm (Pre-indiustrial): The pre-industrial concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere in the 1750 -1850 timeframe was about 280 ppm (parts per million). • 400 ppm (Today): Between the start of the industrial revolution and May 2013, human activity increased the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere to 400 ppm. These elevated carbon dioxide concentrations have already increased the average global temperature above pre-industrial levels by 0. 85°C. • • 43 450 ppm (High risk): we have a 50% chance of stabilizing the average global temperature at a 2°C increase over the pre-industrial period if we keep concentrations of CO 2 under 450 ppm 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• At our current rate of fossil fuel usage in the global economy, we will exceed that limit by 2034. • 350 ppm (Safe): • associated with 2°C global warming, would spur “slow” feedbacks and eventual warming of 3– 4°C with disastrous consequences. • Target of 350 ppm as the maximum safe concentration of CO 2 concentration, which would stabilize the global temperature at 1°C above pre-industrial levels and avoid runaway climate destabilization. 44 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Climate change • Global warming: • is the term used to describe the current increase in the Earth's average temperature • Cimate Change: • changes in wind, precipitation, the length of seasons as well as the strength and frequency of extreme weather events like droughts and floods. Ocean , atmosphere & Land factors • Examples are. . • • 45 Solar output, earth sun geometry, interstellar dust. Volcanic emissions Mountain building Continental drift Atmosplere ocean heat exchange Atmosphere chemistry 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Causes of climate change • Climate change is caused by global warming in weather. Global warming: • is a combined result of emissions of green house gases & changes in solar irradience. • • What are the natural causes ? • Climate change includes any change resulting from different factors, like deforestation or an increase in greenhouse gases 46 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• 1. Continental drift: • 225 million years ago earth was single large land mass. • Present earth is a result of drift. • Drift causes climate change. • Position of rivers Eg: Himalayan range is rising by 1 mm every year • Reason : indian land mass moving towards asian land mass. • 47 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• 2. Variations in solar output. • Scientists predict that change in solar output 1 % per century alter the temparature of earth by 0. 5 to 1 degree celcius. 48 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• 3. Volcanos: • Of high magnitude can reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth surface. . • Lowering the temperatures in lower levels of atmosphere 49 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• 4. Earths tilt: • tilt from the sun is reason for seasons. • 23. 5 degree to the perpendicular plane of orbital path. 50 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• 5. ocean currents: • Major factor for climate system. • 71% water • Move vast amount of heat across the planet. During 19 th century average global temperature increased by 0. 6 degree. • United nations framework convention on climate change “ change of climate is directly attributed by human activity”. • 51 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Effects of climate change • Increase in global surface temperature • Ocean acidification. • Melting of glaciers • Change in pattern of rainfall. • Occurance of drought, floods, heat waves. • Rise in sea level. 52 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• Increase in global surface temperature: • Resulted mostly from green house gases which is a result of human activity. ( fossil fuel burning, deforestation). • Climate projections summerised in latest report that another incerase of 1. 1 to 3. 5 degree in 21 st century 53 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• Ocean acidification: • Decrease in the p. H of ocean • Reason – Carbon di oxide emission • Makes ocean acidic • Result- affects survival of aquatic life 54 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• Melting of glaciers: • glaciers fresh waters. • Glaciers absorb 20% heat of sun, reflects 80 % back. • Changes in rainfall pattern: • Affects humans & ecosystems • Unusually high rainfall is the effect of climate change 55 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• Occurance of drought, heat waves, flood: • Changes in temperature leads to extreme weather conditions • Rise in sea level: • Caused by expansion of sea water as it warms up in response to climate change & the widespread melting of ice • Green land is an example 56 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Global warming Documented historical warming of earth’s surface based on world wide temperature records since 1880. • Climate changes refers to changes caused by global warming in weather. • Green house effect is the rise in temperature because of certain gases ( water vapour, carbon di oxide, nitrous oxide, methane. . . ) • “ Apparenent overall warming of earth’s atmosphere when the atmosphere becomes saturated with excess green house effects” • • 57 Deforestation is responsible for 20 -25% of all carbon emissions entering the atmosphere. 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Effects of global warming • Increase in global surface temperature. Melting of glaciers • Rise in sea level • Loss of biodiversity. • • • 58 Spread of vector born diseases. Extreme weather. Acidification of oceans. Forest fires. Reduction in crop yields. 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

How to control ? • Reduce , reuse , recycle. • Encourage others to conserve energy. Use LED lamps. • Promote renewable energy usage. • Remove subsidies for fossil fuels. • Promote afforastation & reforestation. • • 59 Consume locally grown fruits. 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Ozone Layer Depletion. • Ozone is excellent absorber of radient energy from sun. • Ozone is located at lower portion of atmosphere( Stratosphere 13 -20 km). Oxygen molecule O 2 splits into two O’s • O’s combine with another O 2 forms O 3. • • Ozone absorbs radient energy & stores as internal energy which creates warmer temperature. • Protects from UV radiation. • “ Absorbs – transform as heat- realeased back to space” 60 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• • • 61 Ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by french physicists Charles & Henry. Absorbs 95 -97% of sun’s high frequency harmful UV rays are high energy electro magnetic waves. UV-A UV-B UV-C Ozone layer Depletion- Reduction in the amount of ozone. Ozone Hole- is a depression & not a hole First observed in 1956 In Antartica 70% & Artic 30%. 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Effects • Skin cancer. • Increases ground level ozone. ( causes Breathing difficulties, Affects crops) • Direct Exposure to UV result in catracts. • Affects development of larvae in many species • Ageing of skin. • Affect time of flowering 62 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Actions • Use products ozone friendly Repair AC timely • Promote awareness programmes. • 63 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Carbon credits • A permit which allows a country or organization to produce a certain amount of carbon emissions and which can be traded if the full allowance is not used. • to mitigate the growth in concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs). • One carbon credit is equal to one tonne of carbon dioxide • The goal is to allow market mechanisms to drive industrial and commercial processes • Buyers and sellers can also use an exchange platform to trade, which is like a stock exchange for carbon credits. 64 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• Kyoto's 'Flexible mechanisms‘ • A tradable credit can be an emissions allowance or an assigned amount unit which was originally allocated or auctioned by the national administrators of a Kyoto-compliant cap-and-trade scheme. • it can be an offset of emissions. Under Joint Implementation (JI) a developed country with relatively high costs of domestic greenhouse reduction would set up a project in another developed country. • Under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) a developed country can 'sponsor' a greenhouse gas reduction project in a developing country where the cost of greenhouse gas reduction project activities is usually much lower. • Under International Emissions Trading (IET) countries can trade in the international carbon credit market to cover their shortfall in Assigned amount units. • 65 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• European Union Emissions Trading Scheme- worlds largest market. • Presently operating in 35 countries across world. • Predicted growthi 3. 1 trillion US Dollars by 2020. • Developed countries has to spend $ 300 - 500 for 1 ton of carbon reduction. Developing countries $10 -25 1 carbon credit= 13 Euro India, s GHG emission is below offset. Copenhagen agreement focus on CDM for developing countries. Presently the emission future is uncertain. US – ratified the protocol. China not required to reduce emission ( largest carbon emitter) Canada , Russia, Japan not agreed to take necessary steps • • 66 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Carbon credits & Carbon trading • Increased emission of green house gases lead to the agreement Kyoto protocol by the UN. • Reduce emissions of green house gases like carbon di oxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluro carbons, perfluro carbons, sulphor hexachloride. . • To achieve the targets 3 mechanisns created • 1. Emission trading: a country that stays with in its GHG emissions target can sell the surplus allowances to other country. 2. Clean development mechanism( CDM): • CDM creates carbon credits called certified emission reductions • 67 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• • • 68 CDM has two purpose. a. Assist developing nations to achieve sustainable development. b. Assist developed nations to comply with emission limitatons and GHG reduction commitments. 3. Joint implementation – Any annex 1 country can invest in any other Annex 1 country as an alternative for reducing emissions. The emission reductions generated by these flexible mechanisms are collectvely referred as carbon credits. 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Carbon credits • GHG are the key contributers to climate change. Carbon credit/carbon offset is a financial unit of measurement that represents the removal of one tonne of carbon di oxide equivalent from the atmosphere. • Where do carbon credits come from ? • • GHG emission reduction projects. • Replacing use of conventional fossil fuels. • Reducing use of fossil fuels through energy efficiency. • Capturing & storing already released carbon in trees & other plants. 69 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• • 70 Determined tradable quandity of greenhouse gas emissions. Permit to emit one metric ton of carbon di oxide Carbon credits create a market for reducing green house emissions by giving monetary value to emissions. Makes emissions a tradable commudity. Credits can be used to finance carbon reduction schemes between trading partners around the world. A central authority fixes a limit to the amount of pollutant that can be emitted into the environment. This permit/credit licence to emit a fixed amount of pollutant to the atmosphere. 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Carbon Footprint • Originated from ecological footprint. • Developed by Reel & Wackernagel in 1990. Direct measure of emission of gases that cause climate change from unsustainable fuels. Total measure of carbon di oxide emissions Contains two parts. 1. Primary footprint-measure of our direct emission of Carbon di oxide. 2. Secondary footprint – measure of indirect CO 2 emissions. Helps to measure of human impact in environment. • • • 71 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Factors affecting footprint, • Population • Energy efficiency- leads to less emissions. Energy structure • amount of carbon emission is closely related to the source of energy. ( natural gas has lowest emission compared to coal petrol etc. . . ) • Type of economic development • labour intensive form of economic development gives greater amount of emissions. • 72 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

How to reduce carbon footprint • Redude, reuse, recycle. • Driveless, walk Use less air conditioners. Carpooling. Animal sources of protein, heavily processed & packed foods. Replacing traditional bulbs with LED. Planting trees. Use renewable sources of energy. Throwing out of foods & Wastes. . • • 73 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

• Reduction of carbon footprint at home. • Products with energy label, use LED. . • Reduction carbon footprint from food. • Use locally produced organic foods. • Reduction of carbon footprint from travel. 74 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL

Thank You ! 75 9/25/2020 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORALIL