Sustainable Engineering 1 10282021 Sustainable Engineering KTU Syllabus

Sustainable Engineering 1 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

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Introduction to Sustainable Engineering 14 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• What is wrong if mining of sand from rivers is not regulated? • constructing bridges, flyovers, buildings, whether houses or flats, whether for living or commercial purpose. • What is wrong if paddy fields are filled up and leveled for house construction? • What is wrong in using plastic cups for drinking tea or coffee? 15 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• What is wrong if the highly rich business man buys an aircraft to present it as birth day gift to his wife? • What is wrong if I air condition all the four bed rooms and the living room? • Why should the authorities deny me permission to build a house just because I have not shown provision for rain water harvesting? 16 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• What is wrong if I have two cars in my house? • Why should you spend money on preserving or protecting wild life? • Above Questions are from social, • environmental, • economic • political. • 17 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Brundland Report 1983 - UN Established a commission • World commission on environment & development. • • Headed by- Gro Harlem Brundland. 1987 - published findings “ Our commomn Future”. • Environmental & Developmental concerns are closely related. • Protect & conserve the environment. • 18 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Poorer countries effort to protect the environment are un sustainable. • Links environmental degradation with economic social & political factors. • Adopts a global focus. • Takes positive attitude towards development. • Accounts needs of poor in third world countries. • Constructs a three pillar approach. • 19 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Sustainable Development • “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future generations. ” • “Cost of development is not transferred to future generations. ” • Dimensions of sustainable development • 1. Social – human values, relationships. 2. Economic – allocation & distribution of resources. • 3. Environmental- contribution of economic and social and their effect on environment and its resources. • 20 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

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• 22 Diagrams indicates the relationship between the "three pillars of sustainability", in which both economy and society are constrained by environmental limits. 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

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• Social- equal access to social resources between current & future generations. • Three values of social sustainability are quality of life, growth, equality. • • Economic- • Continuous improvement in economic well being. • Environmental- • making decisions & taking actions that are in the interest of protecting the natural world. 25 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Challenges. . • 1. Increase in population. - • In 2024 - 8 billion. 2. pervasive Land degradation • 3. Water Scarcity problems • • Population living in water short areas will increase 90 % in 2050. • 4. Global warming & climate change – • Intergovernmental panel on climate change 1. 4 c to 5. 8 c by 2100. 5. Increased energy demand • 6. Poverty. • 7. Unemployement & Underemployment. • 26 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

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value of the environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes. 29 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

300 died… 30 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• 31 More than 56% of people in India work in agriculture, while many others earn their living in coastal areas 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Sustainable Development ‘Our Common Future’, also called Brundtland Commission report, prepared for the United Nations in 1987 • World Commission on Environment and Development • Criticizes • into a very limited focus, along the lines of what poor nations should do to become richer”. • Answer • “ development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. • 32 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• sustainable development has the following three basic components. • 1. The question of ecology, natural resources and global changes • Decades ago rate of energy consumption was not so high • But as technology advanced & Humans grew beyond control • the effects of ecological interventions in one place started affecting distant places on the globe. • 33 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

(ii). The question of solidarity and justice, between present and future generations and between • developing and developed countries: • • among individuals with a common interest; mutual support • (iii). The question of economic growth and regulation, production and consumption. 34 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• Sustainable engineering • sustainable engineering as that branch of engineering using which sustainable development can be achieved. • Engineers play a crucial role in improving living standards throughout the world. • engineers can have a significant impact on progress towards sustainable development. • . To lead sustainable development, engineers must think differently, use a different design mentality. 35 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Role of engineering community • Secretary General of the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development “Sustainable development will be impossible without the full input by the engineering profession. ” • ie. • engineers to conceive, design, realise, and ensure maintenance of eco friendly and efficient transportation system, toilets, pest control devices and processes, etc • most engineering achievements of the past were developed without consideration for their social, economic, and environmental impacts on natural systems • 36 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• Engineers at least cut it down to bare minimum • EXamples • 1. fossil fuel-based products and services • 2. riversand based constructions • 3. energy consuming processes, and so on. • 37 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• increasing stress on the world's limited resources • engineers of the future • be asked to use the earth's resources more efficiently and produce less waste. • . The four areas which we mentioned are, social, environmental, economic and political. 38 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Three Domains 39 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

these three domains are seen by many as three pillars on which the structure of sustainability stands. • . If any of these three pillars gets weak the whole structure of sustainability development collapses. • 40 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Social Dimensions • Relates to human values , relationships & institutions. • Worker health & safety, Quality of life, Impact on local communities. Benefits to disabled. Social concerns vary depending on the , Geographical , Environmental & Economic domains of society. While doing developmental Projects Protection of human rights, human health Child mortality Food security Respecting the views of benefeciaries & Victims of Devpt. Sharing of vital information. • • • 41 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• Transparency of thought & Planning process. Participatory approach in decision making. • In Developing countries poorer sections get in adequete health care, education & Family planning services. • Best method of checking country’s development is to check the social indicators. • • 42 1. High school Graduation Rate. 2. High School Drop up rate. 3. Percentage who receive higher education. 4. Number of homeless people. ( 18. 5 Million houses) 5. substandard housing people. 6. Total population change. 7. population distribution across geographic region. 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• 8. Student teacher ratio. • 9. Crime statistics by age, gender, type of crime. • 10. Ratio of local law enforcement to public. • 11. Pecentage of population below poverty line. • 12. Illitracy level • 13. Number of births to women without 12 years of education. 14. Library circulation Rates. • 15. The Gender ratio is 943 females for 1000 males • 43 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

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Economic Dimentions. Systems human initaiated to production, trade & Distribution of goods & satisfy needs of community. • Macroeconomics- Large scale operations of economy ( Overall production of goods, services, unemployment, money supply & inflation, national dept and balance payments. ) • Microeconomics- Deals with operations of particular industry. ( Prices & Production Process). • Regarding Sustainability following points are to be considered • 1. Continious improvement in economic wellbeing • 2. creation of new market for growth • 3. Investment in infrastructure • 4. Greater economic equality. • 46 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

5 Efficient use of renewable resources. • 6 Cost reduction through efficiency improvements. • 7 Renewable energy & rawmaterial input. • 8 Creation of value added products. • 9 Protection of commercial rights. • 10 Reducing international trade barriers. • 11 Green business opportunities. • 12 Accontability & responsability of economic decision makers. sharing of commercial information. • 13 Transparency of thought & planning process. • 14 Participatory approach in developing economic policies. • • 47 15 Fair & equal acess to information & knowledge. 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

GDP measure- Helps to measure the economic output of the country. (India-7. 9 %) • Below written potential economic indicators link between social & economic sectors. • Unemployment rate • Distribution of income • Sectrol distribution of jobs • Distribution of housing • Median value of land • Net change in number of jobs. • Age distribution. • Vacancy rate in housing & commercial structures. • 48 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Environmental: . Many things (devices, systems, projects, etc. ) are proposed, designed, developed • Environmental concerns are similar in developed & developing countries • • improved living comfort. Brundtland said • The environment does not exist as a sphere separate from human actions, ambitions, and needs and attempts to defend it in isolation from human concerns have given the very word “environment” a connotation of naivety in some political circles. … But the “environment” is where we live. In fact, we are part of the environment. • 49 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• The word environment means surroundings • It refers to both abiotic (physical or non-living) and biotic (living) environment. • Human beings interact with the environment more vigorously than other living beings Interactions, aided by modern technology, keep disturbing and destroying the environment. • Eg: Clean air, safe drinking water, renewable energy. • Some environmental issues are localised but. . . • Eg: land , soil, forest, ocean , river. • 50 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Elements to be considered in development Renewal of natural resources & Natural systems. • Renewal of energy. • Renewal of materials • Renewal of foodresources. • Reduction of environment footprint. • Acoountability & responsability of environmental decision makers. • Sharing of vital information on global environmental changes. • Transparency of thought & Planning process. • Participatory approach in environmental protection • 51 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• Some environmental issues originate from social factors. Eg. Rapid increase in population. • Best way is to make a relevant database as environmental indicators. • Number of clean air days. • Minimization of waste. • Nature based environmental designs • Percentage of population without potable water. • Percentage of population not on sewers. • Percentage of prime agricultural land. • Percentage of population using public transportation or car pooling • Households participatingin recycling programmes. • 52 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Tonnes per capita of solid waste generated annually. • Tonnes of hazardous waste generated annually. • Tonnes of toxic releases annually. • Number of environmental education calsses in public & Private academic institutions • 53 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Technological Aspects for sustainable development • Sustainability Metric: Is a standardized set of measurements/ data related to one or more sustainability idicators. • Measurement based on verifiable data • Used to communicate important information to decision makers & public about sustainable development. Sustainable indicator: measurable aspects of economic, environmental / social systems for monitoring human& environmental well being. • EPA( Environmental Protection Agency): By U. S has suggested 4 catogories of indicator outcomes. • 54 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• • • 55 1. Adverse outcomes Indicator ( AOI): Destruction of value due to impacts on individuals, communities, business enterprises or natural environment. 2. Resource flow Indicator(RFI): Indicates Pressures associated with rate of consuption of resources ( Materials, water, land, energy). 3. System condition Indicator( SCI): Indicates the state of the system in question. Individual, communities, business enterprises, natural environment. 4. Value creation Indicator: Indicates the craetion of value ( both economic & wellbeing ) through enhancement of individuals, communities , business enterprizes, natural environment 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Human Development Index • United Nations development programme( UNDP): developed a human development index( HDI) based on three diamentions life expectency, education, income. HDI : Calculated each year by the data reported each year by the united nations. HDI: is a composite statistic of life expectancy , education & per capita income indicators. ( which help rank countries into 4 tiers of human development). Developed bu pakistani Economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990. HDI Is found in annual report of UNDP Programme. Life Expectancy ( LE) at birth uses 2011 life expectency index 56 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

HDI 57 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• India ranks 135 in human development index: UNDP • Rank High: • • Norway Austarlia Switzerland Netherlands United States • Ranks Low: • • • Sirre leone • Chad • Congo • Niger • 58 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• Life Expectency Uses 2011 life expectency index: • Life Expectency Index(LEI): Education Index( EI): prepared based on mean years of schooling Index & Expected years of schooling index Mean Years of Schooling Index( MYSI): Expected years of schooling Index(EYSI): Education Index( EI): Income Index 2: Is based on gross national income GNIpc Purchasing power per capita: Estimate of each individulas income in country Human Development Index(HDI): calculated from the geometric mean of LEI, education index(EI)& income index • • 59 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• Based on HDI United nation categorises countries as Very high human development • High human development • Medium human development • Low human development • 60 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Framework for sustainable development. • Peace • Democracy Human rights Equality Efficient use of energy Local community involvement Fair distribution of wealth Participation of all sectors in development. • • • 61 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Empowermnent of following factors are mandatory • Woman • Children Local athorities Indigenous people and their communities. Business & industry Workers & trade unions Non governmental organisations Scientific & technological community. Farmers Youth. • • 62 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Millennium development goals • To eradicate extreme poverty & hunger • To achieve universal primary education. • To promote gender equality. • To reduce child mortality. • To improve material health • To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria & other diseases. • To ensure environmental sustainability. • To develop global partnership for development. Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL 63 10/28/2021

Challenges for sustainable development • 1. Technical barriers. • These are technical difficulties in physically achieving a goal. • Investment in education & research may help up opportunities for achieving these goals. • Difficulties in widespread implementation of appropriate technology are hindering sustainable development. • Eg: investment in development & widespread implementation of green technology ( Reduded emissions to air, water, soil. ) 64 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• 2. Economic Barriers • Issues include not taking into account of external costs. ( Pollution), external development(greeen technology). • Existing technologies have a cost advantage compared to new technologies. • 3. Institutional barriers. • Refers to lack of popular regulations. • Although there are global agreements regarding trade • No agreements on environmental issues particularly at regional and local level 65 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• 4. Behavioural barriers • These challenges arise from lack of information, education habit etc. . • Which cause consumers to often do things aganist principle • 5. Intergenerational equity • Obligation of present generation to preserve the stock of natural resources for future generations. • Gives importance to appropriate use of resources. • But market forces & other elements play a significant role 66 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• 6. Substitution of resources • Substitution of goods & services. • Firms change in mix of inputs. ( Production possibility curve). • Wide substitution is a vague concept. Economist’s argue. . . • “ each generation uses sum of total capital”—there for it should be added to social capital in equivalent measure. • • “ A sustainable path for the economy is not necessary” • Environmentalists argue-”sustainability concept can promote exploitation of finite resources by present generations”. 67 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• 7. Uncertanity & irreversibility • Argue – exact nature & ultimate impact on ecosystem is not known • So the whole concept of sustainability cannot be accurately implemented. 68 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Multilateral environmental agreements (MEA, s) • International laws- No effect on domestic laws/ individuals. • Started in 19 th century but enforced by UN conference on human environment. ( Stockharm in 1972). • 113 nations participated • Aim- Preventing or managing human impacts on nature. • Enforced enacting laws, quality of air, water pollution etc. Legally binding agreement relating to the environment between three or four nations. ( Initiated by UN). • Aim- Preventing human impact on nature. • 69 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

MEA No Country can be forced. ( Want to respect the sovereign) • North south conflict. • • Countries will be reluctant to change ( Economic interests) • Environment protocols are slow to produce the desired change. 70 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• Later 1972 conference was enforced in 1992 RIO conference ( participated by 176 states- 103 represented by heads of government). UNCED. • Results • 1. The adoption of united nations framework convention on climate control( UNFCCC). 2. The adoption of the convention on biological diversity( CBD). 3. The decision to negotiate convention to combat desertification. 4. An action plan called agenda 21 in reference to the 21 st century. 5. The decision to establish the commision on sustainable development MEA s are agreements between states. • • • 71 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Principles of MEA’s • The polluter pays principle: • The pollute should bear the expenses of carriying out anti pollution measures. • The cost of these measures will reflected in cost of goods & services. • Principle on non discrimination: • Polluters causing trans boundary pollution would be treated severly similar to pollution in their own country • Precautionary principle: • Lack of scientific shall not be used as postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation 72 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• Principle of common differenciated responsibilities: • Nations shoud divide the cost on measures to protect environment. • Eg: Climate change-even developing countries should bear the money • Principle of intergenerational equity: • Nations are oblied to account of longterm effects of their actions. • Attention should be paid to long distance affects as well as long term affects. 73 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Key MEA’s-deals with air, water, hazardous wastes Convention of the pollution of marine pollution- 1972 • Convention of international trade in endangered species. • Convention of pollution by ships. • Convention on the conservation of wild animals & migratory species. • United nations convention on law of sea. • Convention on the protection of ozone layer. • Convention of transboundary movements on hazardous waste & disposel. • Convention on climate change( Kyoto protocol). • Converntion on hazrdous chemicals & pesticides. • Convention in biosafety. • Convention on persistant organic pollutants. • 74 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• Soft law & hard law: • Used to decribe the nature of various agreements Hard Law – specific & legally Bindind obligations. • Soft law- lack of specificity, & are flexible • Many argue that all treaty provisions should be considered as hard law. • 75 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

KYOTO protocol- Climate change: UNFCC 1992 • Conducted in brazil ( 190 nations). • Stabilize atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases in 2005. • Convention divides nations to 2 annexure. 1. annexure 1 - developed countries. • 2. annexure 2 - developing countries. • Both set of countries agreed emission reduction objectives. ( KYOTO protocol). • Countries agreed to reduce the emission GHG by 5, 2% compared to 1990. • 76 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• Co 2, CH 4, N 2 O, Sulphur. Hexafluride, Hydrofluro carbons & Perflurocarbons. • Conclusion • Developing countries are not legally bided to reduce their comparatively less emissions. 77 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): In order to certified emissions reductions in developing countries. Legal Binding by 192 countries to combat climate change. • Maximum Polluter want to pay Maximum. 1. Annexure 1 countries & Non Annexure countries. • Annexure 1 - Highly Industrialized & developed countries. • Supported by Annexure 1 countries • Executive board supervises the CDM • National CDM in India. • National CDM consists of various secretaries from different ministeries. • 78 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

National CDM powers. • 1. To invite official & experts from government, financial institutions, NGO’s, Industry, commerce, civil society etc for necesesary professional inputs. • 2. To Interact with concerned authorities for matters relating to CDM. • 3. To take up any environmental issues. • 4. To recommend guidelines to government of india. 79 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Advantages of CDM • Describes the advantage of a country involved in CDM • 1. New source of funding from environmental projects. • 2. contribute positively to local environment( waste , urban pollution). • 3. contribute positively towards economy & generate positive social impacts. • 4. Encorage Foreign direct investment in new low emission technologies, energy efficiency, sustainable forestry etc. . • 5. better quality projects. • 6. materialization of the company’s social & environmental policies. 80 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Disadvantages of CDM. • Additionality, transaction costs & bottlenecks. • Incentives. . • Local resistance. . . • 81 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Montreal Protocol • Aim- to address the ozone layer depletion in stratosphere in Antarctica. ( 1980)… Cause- Chloro. Fluro carbons. ( CFC)- refrigeration • Issue- Addressed by United Nation Environment Program • Initially 24 countries participated. • Later most countries participated. • Developing countries given grace period of 10 years. • Controls- 96 chemicals, Some of which are CFC, Halons(fire extinguishers). carbon tetrachloride, methyl bromide…etc. . • 82 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Environmental legislations in India. • Helps in • 1. Regulation of resource use. • 2. Protection of environment & biodiversity. • 3. Mediation conflict resolution & concilation. 4. Formulations of stable, unambiguous undertakings & agreements. • 200 Laws in India • 83 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• The River. Boards Act-1956 The Mines & Minerals Act-1957. • The atomic. Energy Act-1962. • Wild birds and animals protection act-1912. • Indian forest Act- 1927. • 84 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Air ( prevention & control of pollution) Act-1981 • Passed under article 253 of constitution of India. • Presence of any solid, liquid or gaseous substance in atmosphere. • Injurious to human beings or living creatures. • In India as a result of Stockholm Conference( 1972). • 2 boards 1. Central pollution control board( CPCB) 2. State pollution control board. ( SPCB) Power to sue a polluter in court. Includes noise pollution. . • • 85 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

• 1. Empowers PCB for reducing air pollution. • 2. Prior approval of PCB is necessary for industrial activities. • 3. Empowers PCB to enter into industrial plants& Take samples. • 4. Empowers PCB to give regulation & supply of electricity, water. . • 5. Provides emission standards for automobiles. • 6. Emission standards for industries. 86 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Water(Prevention & control of pollution)Act, 74” • Prevents disposal of any poisonous material • Prevents obstruction to flow of water. Establishment of boards Central pollution control board, state pollution control board. • Mandates prior approval of PCB for operating & expanding industrial activities. • Empowers pcb to enter in plants, factories, etc. . . • Empowers PCB to take waste water &do analysis • • 87 Coordinate the activities of SPCB & CPCB 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Main Aim of PCB • Promote cleanliness. • Advice state & central government regarding the prevention & control of water pollution. • Providing technical help to teams. • Programmes through mass media. • Collect, compile, publish technical & statistical data. • To Coordinate educational programmes. 88 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Drawbacks • Do not cover Groundwater contamination. • Charges can be brought to courts only by boards. • Penalties are independent on the extent of violations. 89 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL

Thank You ! 90 10/28/2021 Sustainable Engineering- KTU Syllabus- VARGHESE S CHOORLAIL