Sustainable EcoIndustrial Development Strategy Anthony SF Chiu 9252020

Sustainable Eco-Industrial Development Strategy Anthony SF Chiu 9/25/2020 Kitakyushu Initiative Seminar on Urban Air Quality Management UN ESCAP February 20 -21, 2003 Anthony SF Chiu 1

Outline of Discussion A. Identification of Issues • Review of Urban Mobile and Stationary Sources B. Preventive Strategies • • • Industrial Transformation (IHDP) Cleaner Production (UNEP/UNIDO); ZERI (UNU) Eco-Industrial Development (UNDP/UNEP) C. Management Systems (UNEP IETC) D. Best Practices 1. Ecocity Conference, IEAsia. Net, etc. 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 2

A. Urban Air Pollution Issues Types Sources • • • Acid Rain Domestic Smoke Smog The Greenhouse Effect Particulates Radionuclides Ozone Layer Depletion 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu Domestic Industrial Transportation modes Re-suspended dust 3

Health Impact of Air Pollution Particulate Matter (at near ground level) Primary and Secondary Particles PM 10 and PM 2. 5 incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. Chemical oxidation of atmospheric gases. Respiratory tract, lungs, alveolar regions Dust and Soot induced by coal combustion Lead Airborne lead Intellectual and behavioral development of children Carbon Monoxide Colorless, ordorless gas inhibits capacity of blood to carry oxygen to organs and tissues. Impair vision, manual dexterity, death Sulfur Oxides (flue gas at power plants) Burnt fossil fuels containing sulfur (power plant, steel mfg, petro) Asthmatics, respiratory. Acid rain, formation of secondary particles Nitrogen Oxides power plants, diesel- and gas-fueled vehicles, heating of buildings Asthmatics, acid rain, formation of secondary particles. Precursors of ground-level ozone. Ozone Gas-vehicles source of VOC, + NO precursors of ozone Photochemical smog, respiratory Toxic Airborne Emissions Polyaromatic 9/25/2020 Hydrocarbons (PAH) Benzene, polycyclic Carcinogenic and genotoxic aromatics, 1, 3 -butadiene, aldehydes Anthony SF Chiu 4

Global Issue: Asian Brown Cloud 3 -Km Thick (August 12, 2002) • The potent haze (cocktail of aerosols, ash, soot, black carbon, other particulate) lying over the entire Indian • subcontinent -- from Sri Lanka to Afghanistan -- has led to some erratic weather, acid rain, sparking flooding in Bangladesh, Nepal and northeastern India, but drought in Pakistan and northwestern India. 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu "Biomass burning" from forest fires, Residential Wood Combustion (RWC), vegetation clearing and fossil fuel Mobile Sources (MS) 5

(Mobile Source) Transport Case: Two-Stroke Engine Vehicles • • • Technical issues Economic issues Environmental issues Social issues Policy issues 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 6

The Problem of Emissions from Two-stroke engine Vehicles • Emissions pose danger to public health – Fine particulate matter near ground level causes mortality, respiratory, asthma, lung malfunction – Aged, lubrication, maintenance, and fuel quality added to higher impact – Lower fuel efficiency than four stroke engine – Scavenging losses - 15 -40% fuel-air mixture escaping thru exhaust port • Poor vehicle maintenance, misuse of lubricant, and adulteration of gasoline exacerbate emissions 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 7

Existing Approaches • Measures targeted at the existing fleet of two-stroke vehicles – Correct type and quantity of lubricant – Improve vehicle maintenance – Improve gasoline quality • Measures targeted at the environmental performance of new two-stroke vehicles – Redesign to decrease scavenging losses – Catalytic converters to reduce tailpipe emissions 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 8

Substitution • Four-stroke engines – Reduction in hydrocarbon and particulate emissions – Increase of nitrogen oxides – More economical taken in account operating and maintenance costs and 10 -20% improved fuel efficiency over the life of the vehicle • Electric Vehicles / Hydrogen Fuel Cell – Limitations on technology to-date 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 9

Substitution • Vehicles powered by LPG – Lower levels of particulates – Lack of sufficient domestic sources of supply – Inadequate distribution system • Vehicles powered by CNG – Emits little particulate matter, VOC, or sulfur oxides – New Zealand’s unsuccessful promotion program leads not to suggest substantial subsidies. It must be based on economic viability, I. e. local retail price. – Government has a disincentive to reduce the price of CNG, since a consumer shift from (taxed) fuels to (essentially untaxed) CNG would reduce tax revenues. 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 10

Solutions • Technical – Fuel – Lubrication – Maintenance • Instruments – Command Control (Standards) – Economic/Market-based Dis/Incentives – Suasive (Info / Edu Campaign) – Public Private Partnership (PPP) 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 11

Taxonomy of Policy Instruments [Jaswal and Deb, 2003] Command Control Market based Vehicle • Emission norms • Compulsory • Use of low polluting vehicles • Scrap polluting vehicles • Differential vehicle taxation • Tax allowance for new vehicles • Promote retrofit with cleaner fuels Fuel • Fuel economy standards • Phasing out of highly polluting fuels • Fuel taxation • Dirtier fuel to be taxed higher • Remove fuel price distortions Traffic • Physical restraint of traffic • Grade separation • Priority to public transport • Restraint on vehicle use • Management measures • Engineering measures • Control measures • Congestion charges • Parking charges • Subsidies for less polluting modes 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 12

International Experience [Jaswal and Deb, 2003] Instrument Developing Countries Developed Countries Price differential between leaded and unleaded gasoline Hungary, Mexico, Philippines, Portugal, Taiwan, Thailand Australia, Britain, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland Price differential between ultra low sulphur diesel and ordinary diesel United Kingdom, Sweden Vehicle taxes based on emissions South Korea Austria, Belgium, Britain, British Colombia, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden Taxes on non catalytic converter cars Greece Finland, Sweden Higher tax on diesel cars Tax incentives to promote use of natural gas for vehicles Pakistan Germany, Argentina, Italy, Australia, Ireland, Russia, Colombia, Canada, UK Incentives for promoting natural gas vehicles Malaysia Belgium, UK, USA, Australia, Ireland, Egypt Annual road tax differentiated by vintage Emissions trading Germany Chile Taxes on lead acid battery 9/25/2020 Congestion pricing British Colombia, USA Anthony SF Chiu Chile Norway 13

Environmentally Sustainable Transport …. is a new approach to transport policy development using a backcasting methodology. Current work focuses on developing implementation strategies and best practices for EST in OECD regions. 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 14

(Stationary) Industrial Air Pollution • Developmental Stages: from fight against dust and soot to sulfur oxide to nitrogen oxide – – 9/25/2020 Governmental regulation Procurement of low-sulfur crude oil Desulfurization facilities Private sector innovation of and investment in pollution management technologies such as flue-gas desulfurization facilities Anthony SF Chiu 15

Urban Industrial Complexes 9/25/2020 • 1955, Yokkaichi coastal petrochem complex (interview with Professor Katsumi Yoshida) • Mizushima industrial complex (1961) caused decay among agricultural plants • Kawasaki, Amagasaki, and Kitakyushu • Impact on economy, ecology, and society Anthony SF Chiu 16

November, 2002 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 17

Production & Consumption • • • Low Sulfur and nitrogen content in fuel (reduce) LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) (substitution) Organizational and technical response by industry 3 -way catalytic converters from Oct 1990 (EOP) Mass energy consumption and lifestyle (Sustainable Consumption) • Consideration on reasonable use of automobiles, efficient transportation of goods based on analyses of city structure, the life styles of city dwellers, and the socioeconomic composition of cities. 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 18

B. Preventive Strategies • Passive Waste Management – Foul and Flee – Dilute and Disperse – Concentrate and Contain • Reactive Waste Management – End of Pipe (EOP) treatment – End of Pipe control / standards • Proactive Waste Management – Preventive strategies 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 19

Prevention is better than cure. 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 20

Sustainable Industrial Development Scope and Results Sustainable Development Industrial Ecology Cleaner Production Pollution Prevention Waste Minimization Recycling Pollution Control Waste Disposal EMS 9/25/2020 Time and Work Anthony SF Chiu 21

Cleaner Production http: //www. environment. gov. au/epg/environet/eecp/tools 11. html "Cleaner Production is the continuous application of an integrated preventive environmental strategy applied to processes, products and services. It embodies the more efficient use of natural resources and thereby minimizes waste and pollution as well as risks to human health and safety. It tackles these problems at their source rather than at the end of the production process; in other words it avoids the 'end-of-pipe' approach. " 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 22

Cleaner Production • Is a system approach • Is a strategy, not just a tool • Is an innovative concept, not restrained by cited approaches • Can be evolved to a larger system, beyond a firm-level, to eco-industrial development paradigm… eco-city, ecotown, … • Education is available (sometimes free!) 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 23

The Human Consumption Pattern Mass Production/Customization Mass Consumption Mass Disposal 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 24

Industrial Ecology’s Approach: Upstream Production CLOSE THE LOOP «Re-use «Recycle «Re-manufacture Downstream Production 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 25

Input Operations Output or Production Raw material Energy desired final product generation of NPO, disposal of NPO Water Non-product Output (NPO) 10 -30% of total cost of production Input-costs Of NPO 9/25/2020 + Processing – Disposal – + Costs of NPO Anthony SF Chiu Costs of NPO = Total NPO-costs 26

Pollution Prevention Hierarchy • • • Source reduction/suppression Reuse and Repair Remanufacture Recycle Treatment Safe disposal 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 27

Elements of Cleaner Production Strategy CONTINUOUS PRODUCTS HUMANS CLEANER PREVENTATIVE STRATEGY FOR RISK REDUCTION PRODUCTION INTEGRATIVE (air, waste, land) 9/25/2020 (source: UNEP-IE, 1994) PROCESS IN OPERATIONS/ PRODUCTION Anthony SF Chiu ENVIRONMENT 28

POINTS OF ACTION IN THE PROCESS Good housekeeping Technological change PROCESS Changes in input materials 9/25/2020 (source: UNEP-IE, 1994) Product Change On-site reuse Anthony SF Chiu 29

Cleaner Production Tools • Life Cycle Assessment • Design for Environment (Df. E) • Environmental Management System • Environmental Impact Assessment • Environmental Audit • Environmental Accounting 9/25/2020 • Performance-base Contracting • Environmental / Eco. Labeling / Green Purchasing • Public Environmental Reporting • Industrial Ecology • Environmental Taxes • Synergy Corporate System Anthony SF Chiu 30

10 Steps in Introducing Cleaner Production Program In Industry 1. Environmental Policy 2. Systematic waste & emission reduction audit procedure 3. Waste reduction plan with specific goal & timetables 4. Employees’ education 5. Allocation of human & physical resources 6. Obtain relevant external & internal information 7. Monitor & evaluate progress 8. Regular communication to all stakeholders 9. Reward system 10. Review & timetables regularly 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 31

The Clean Cities Project City Name 1. Population Angeles City 300, 000 2. Antipolo 1, 3000, 000 3. Bais 68, 000 4. Dagupan 130, 000 5. Iloilo 363, 000 6. La Carlota 56, 000 7. Mandaue 300, 000 8. Naga City 130, 000 9. Island Garden City of Samal 83, 000 10. San Fernando 102, 000 11. Tagaytay 32, 000 12. Toledo 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 130, 000 32

Project Results to Date • Bais City, city hall save its resources in 10% on water, 15% ion electricity, and reduced 20% on solid waste • Dagupan City, reduced 30% on office supplies, and 10 -15% on water and electric bills • La Carlota City, showed a drop of actual energy, about 33% from Php 114, 000 to 77, 000 • Antipolo City, recorded 10% savings on electricity, and recovered 27 kilos of paper for reuse 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 33

Multi-sectoral support and commitment have been recorded in many cities: • 100% of all cities participating in the program • Public-private partnership (PPP) • Leaders in promoting Cleaner Production 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 34

Workshops prove to be a very good multiplier agent • Bais City workshops reached to five barangays and public markets, 300 vendors and 4000 crowds; • TWG in Dagupan City has representatives from 28 barangays out of the total 31 barangays • Iloilo City reached out to 160 of 180 barangays 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 35

Appendix 1: Lead Champions and Partners of the Cities 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 36

Appendix 2: Prioirities of the Cities 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 37

Appendix 3: Current Programs of the Cities 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 38

Science of Sustainability: From Cleaner Production to Industrial Ecology 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu Source: ISIE Source: Brattebo, ISIE 2001 39

Cross Industry Post-consumed Product Flow Country A Country B primary & secondary commodities final commodities consumer products post-consumed matls disposed waste inter-industry trade domestic flows 9/25/2020 intra-industry trade Anthony SF Chiu export of waste materials 40 Modified from van Beukering, 2000 by Anthony SF Chiu, 2002

Conceptual Diagram of Industrial Ecology [Allenby] 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 41

Sustainable Value Chain EID Model for Asia Pacific System Distribution / sales Use / consumption Information Social Infrastructure Products Use Reuse Parts Use Design / manufacturing Disposal / recycling Reuse Use Materials Technology Recycling Public Awareness Proper disposal Natural environment Conceptual Diagram of a Recycling-Oriented Economic Society Anthony SF Chiu 42 Source: Kitakyuchu Ecotown, 2001 9/25/2020

Definition of EIP • “A community of manufacturing and service businesses seeking enhanced environmental and economic performance through collaboration in managing environment and resource issues including information, energy, water, materials, infrastructure, and natural habitat. By working together, the community of businesses seeks a collective benefit that is greater than the sum of the individual benefits each company would realize if it optimized its individual performance only. ” 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 43

Eco-Industrial Park (2) V = Max ( vi)EIP + Opn. EIP > [ (max vi)] + Opn. IP ∂V/ ∂ (envi) = Min ( xi)EIP + Opn. EIP < [ (min xi)] + Opn. IP where i = individual industry inside the system (park) V = total optimal value derived from the system (here, for example, EIP) v = value x = impact Opn. EIP = value derived from operations of EIP Opn. IP = value derived from Operations of industrial park 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 44

Conceptual Diagram of EIP Raw Mat’l & Product Management Product Discharge Recycle/ Reuse Waste Treatment Manufacture Wastes Zero Discharge Waste Treatment Manufacture Social Image Wastes Social Image Zero Present Industrial Park 9/25/2020 Eco-Industrial Park Anthony SF Chiu 45 Source: Lee, Korean NCPC

EID Strategy Model for Asia 1. Industrial metabolism 2. Inter-relationship among the system elements 3. Approaching a Mature Eco-system [Allenby] (Sustainable Development) Eco-Industrial Development is a national flexible strategy used to build a competitive knowledge-based capability 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 46

Value Chain in an EID “System” (Integrated Artery / Vein System) Supportive Primary 9/25/2020 Infrastructure Human Resources Procurement Others …… supportive elements / facilities POM Inbound Product Outbound Mktg Services Logistics Service By Prod Waste Logistics Anthony SF Chiu 47

MFA Model for Indl Estate Air, Water Vapour FHF Input Output DMI TMR Emigrants Economic Processing Immigrants DPO DE TDO Stocks DHF Domestic Environment Source: WRI et al. , 2000 (slightly modified)

Areas for Eco-industrial Networking Materials Common buying Customer-supplier relations By-product connections Create new material markets Shared commuting Shared shipping Common vehicle maintenance Alternative packaging Intra-park transportation Integrated logistics 9/25/2020 Energy Marketing Anthony SF Chiu Green building Energy auditing Co-generation Spin-off energy firms Alternate fuel Green labeling Accessing green market Joint promotion Joint ventures Recruiting new value-added companies 49

Areas for Eco-industrial Networking Human Resources Information/ Communication Systems 9/25/2020 Human resources recruiting Joint benefit packages Wellness program Common needs (payroll, Maintenance, security) Training Flexible employee assignment Internal systems External information exchange Monitoring systems Computer compatibility Joint MIS system for park management Anthony SF Chiu Environment, Health & Safety Accident prevention Emergency response Waste minimization Multi-media planning Shared environmental information systems Joint regulatory permitting 50

Areas for Eco-industrial Networking 9/25/2020 Quality of Life/ Community Connection Production Process Integrating work and recreation Cooperative education opportunities Volunteer and program involvement Regional Planning Pollution prevention Scrap reduction and reuse Production design Common subcontractor Technology sharing and integration Anthony SF Chiu 51

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Urban forestry production and processing of forest products in and near cities and leisure and recreation places and facilities, including but not limited to: - fuel, construction materials [bamboo] - wood for furniture and so forth [rattan] - food crops [fruit, nuts, mushrooms, game] - wetland products [frogs, crayfish, aquatic vegetables], municipal watersheds, wildlife habitats, recreation, landscape design, recycling, …. - shade tree, rooftop trees, shrubs - leisure and recreation grounds and facilities - greenbelts and windbreaks, arboritums 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 53

Urban Forestry [Kielbaso] • The volume of carbon dioxide removed from the air by an eighty-foot-tall beech tree each day is equivalent to that produced daily by two single-family dwellings • Air quality can be improved by trees through the collection of particulates and the absorption of gaseous pollutants such as ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides among others • That trees can reduce airborne particulates from 40 to 400 pounds per tree per year • Well-placed urban tree may be worth as 14 x value of similar tree in forest in terms of environmental effect (Akbari) • Tree canopies reduce cost of A/C in warmer climates, while windbreak protection reduces winter heating costs by 30% 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 54

Urban Forestry [Kielbaso] • Akbari (1988) has modeled energy and CO 2 savings through the use of trees and albedo modifications…. Yearly savings … Residential Small Commercial Large Commercial Total Energy Carbon 1015 Btu M Tons Direct savings 10% 4% 0% 0. 15 5 Indirect savings 20% 12 5 0. 369 12 Total 30% 16 5 0. 51 18 GIS shows 3. 8 B urban trees in USA, table uses 100 M trees unit 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 55

Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 56

Kalundborg Case: Environmental & Economic Aspects [S. Erkman, 1998] • Reduction in consumption of resources: • oil • coal • water 45, 000 tons/year 15, 000 tons/year 600, 000 m 3/year With 18 projects - F Investments: • Reduction in emissions: • carbon dioxide • sulfur dioxide F$ 75 million - 175, 000 tons/year 10, 200 tons/year • Valorisation of “wastes”: • fly ash (for cement etc. ) 130, 000 tons/year • sulfur 4, 500 tons/year • calcium sulfate (gypsum) Anthony SF Chiu 90, 000 tons/year 9/25/2020 F Total Revenues: F$ 160 million 57

Initiatives in Initiatives . Korea Vietnam • China • • . Sri Lanka Singapore . Source: German Technical Cooperation and Industrial Ecology Asia Network 9/25/2020 Updated on January 23, 2003 by Anthony SF Chiu 58

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PNOC Complex 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 60

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Air Quality and EID Comments from Ray Cote, February 14, 2003 • ONE HAS TO START FROM A BASELINE AIR QUALITY STUDY TO DETERMINE CURRENT AIR QUALITY, THEN FIGURE OUT HOW ONE GETS BACK TO AIR QUALITY LEVELS THAT ARE PROTECTIVE OF HUMAN HEALTH, VEGETATION, E TC AND FINALLY ASSESS NEW INDUSTRIAL AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS WITH THAT IN MIND. • That means looking for ways to reduce air emissions through public transit initiatives, setting limits on vehicles entering downtown or park, promoting district heating / cooling systems to reduce need for additional electricity generation capacity, etc. It might also involve setting limits to city growth and spreading development to other centers rather than concentrating things in a few major cities. 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 64

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF DISCARDS Finance Service & commercial sectors Communications Manufacturing Collector Utilities Collector Eco-industrial park Resource recovery facility Households Processor 1 Manuf. 2 Services Collector Farms Collector Construction & demolition Education & research 9/25/2020 Government Operations Government facilitation and regulation Anthony SF Chiu © 1997 Indigo Development 65

Environmental Management of Zones Tianjin Dalian Yantai Suzhou Pilot Zones 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 66

Environmental Management of Industrial Estate Project in China 中国环境科学研究院 67

Dalian ETDZ (APELL) • APELL – Document APELL – Develop stronger linkage between EPB in the APELL with regards to environmental impact of accident • CP: Material Flow Accounting (MFA) – Water and THW stream I/O analysis – Document Dongdai industry 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 68

Tianjin ETDZ (CP) ü Cleaner Production: Select 10 companies for cleaner production pilot sites ü Water flow accounting ü MSW Management 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 69

Philippine Eco-Ind’l Networking (EIN) Initiatives C C C UNDP PRIME PROJECT C EIP C Action Plan Strategies C C • Regulatory Instruments • Economic Instruments • Information and Educational Campaigns 9/25/2020 C C C EIN C C C IP C C C C Company C EIP = eco-industrial park EIN = eco-industrial network IP = conventional industrial park Anthony SF Chiu + by-product exchan 70

Thai Eco-Industrial Estate (EIE) Project clear vision of ecoindustrial development becoming the foundation for Thai's industrial policy GTZ (Germany( Phitsanulok Khon kean Nakhonsawan Ratchaburi Nakhon Ratchasima Sara Buri Amata Nakorn I. E. (131( Mixed industries Map Ta Phut I. E. (65( Center of petrochemical Industry in Rayong. Eastern Sea Board I. E. (55( Surat Thani Songkhla 9/25/2020 European Partner: Chiang Mai Car manufacturing and High-tech industry. Bang Poo I. E. (350( )Samutprakarn( Mixed industries Anthony SF Chiu EPZ Zone 1 Zone 3 Zone 2 71

Kitakyusyu Kôgai vis-à-vis New Image “Eco-town” 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 72

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Compound fertilizer Spent alcohol Land Spent sugarjuice Sugarcane Fertilizer plant Plant Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Sugar slag Paper mill Guigang City Guitang Eco. Industrial Sugar Industry Complex Sugar slag White sludge Study Case of China National CP Centre Cement mill White sludge Black liquor Cement mill Alkali recovering River Pulp plant Na. OH Waste water Boiler house Effluence Pulp Paper mill Duan, IEAsia 2001 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 75

Key EID Issues at IEAsia 2001 1. Terminology and 4. R&D 5. Financing of EID scope of EIX projects (most 2. Communications Asian firms are and education SMEs and TVEs) 3. Management 6. Policy integration structure 7. Networking And …………. 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 76

Traditional Asian Model • Economic Master Plan launched (for a firm, a business plan); • Environmental management of the industrial activities, e. g. EMS for the industries; • Hence, this model is integrating environmental dimension into the economic mainstream; • Output expectation will be optimization of industrial performance with minimum environmental impact under the planned economic framework. 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 77

System Efficiency 100% 90% System Efficiency (eco 2) Maximum Efficiency as constrained by economic framework B Present Efficiency A 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 78

Value Chain in an EID “System” (Integrated Artery / Vein System) Supportive Primary 9/25/2020 Infrastructure Human Resources Procurement Others …… supportive elements / facilities POM Inbound Product Outbound Mktg Services Logistics Service By Prod Waste Logistics Anthony SF Chiu 79

Sustainable Value Chain EID Model for Asia Pacific System Distribution / sales Use / consumption Information Social Infrastructure Products Use Reuse Parts Use Design / manufacturing Disposal / recycling Reuse Use Materials Technology Recycling Public Awareness Proper disposal Natural environment Conceptual Diagram of a Recycling-Oriented Economic Society Anthony SF Chiu 80 Source: Kitakyuchu Ecotown, 2001 9/25/2020

Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis [C. G. Francis - adapted from J. Christensen, 1999] Farms Biomass & Yeast Slurry Water Lake Tissø Water (NH 4)2 S 2 O 3 Steam Novo Nordisk Water Steam Asnæs Power Station Waste Water Fly Ash Fertiliser Industry Bioteknisk Jordrens Statoil Refinery Artificial Lake Gas Used Water Source: UNEP Gypsum Residual Heat Sulphur- and Ammonia-rich Effluents Gyproc Sludge Cement Industry Municipality of Kalundborg Residual Heat Fish Farms Nickel & Vanadium 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 81

Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis Waste Flow Fertiliser Industry Farms (NH 4)2 S 2 O 3 Biomass & Yeast Slurry Statoil Refinery Novo Nordisk Gas Asnæs Power Station Waste Water Fly Ash Sulphur- and Ammonia-rich Effluents Used Water Gypsum Bioteknisk Jordrens Gyproc Sludge Cement Industry Municipality of Kalundborg Source: UNEP Nickel & Vanadium 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 82

Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis Water Flow Water Lake Tissø Water Steam Novo Nordisk Water Steam Asnæs Power Station Statoil Refinery Artificial Lake Used Water Waste Water Municipality of Kalundborg 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu Source: UNEP 83

Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis Energy Flow Steam Novo Nordisk Statoil Refinery Steam Gas Asnæs Power Station Residual Heat Source: UNEP 9/25/2020 Municipality of Kalundborg Anthony SF Chiu Gyproc Residual Heat Fish Farms 84

System Efficiency Sustainable Value Chain Result 200%+ A: Conventional Industrial Activities C Leapfrog EST process technology 100% 90% C: Sustainable Value Chain Model B Present Efficiency A 9/25/2020 B: Industrial Performance with environmental management Anthony SF Chiu 85

Sustainable Value Chain Model Tools for Primary Components Selection Process (material and energy) Economic • Comparative Competitiveness of nations / region • Input / Output Linkage Environmental / Social • Ecological footprint • LCA / MFA / SFA / EPI • SRI / GRI (not exhaustive) 9/25/2020 Value adding Process (vein / waste stream of the life cycle) • • EST Process Technology Renewable Energy En. Ta, EVT/ETV Leapfrogged sustainable performance (economic, ecological, social) Anthony SF Chiu 86

References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Alam, Mainuddin, Sharif and Rahman. 2003. “Technological Intervention Urban Transport in Dhaka” Chiu, 2001. “EIP Network in AP. ” IEAsia Conference, UNDP-UNEP, Manila; UNEP Dalian China; and ERCP, Sweden. Chiu, 2002. “Industrial Ecology: Walking the Talk in Asia. ” JIE; WSSD South Africa; and GLOBE Canada. Chiu, 2003. “EIP Strategy and Model for AP. ” APRCP, Thailand; Korean NCPC; GEC, Japan; and Indian TERI. Environmental health Perspectives 102, Supplement 4, October 1994. Jaswal and Deb. 2003. “A Framework for Estimating Enviornmental Taxes in the Transport Sector”. Kielbaso, 2002. “Urban Forestry and the Ecocity. ” Kojima, Brandon, and Shah. 2000. “Improving Urban Air Quality in South Asia by Reducing Emissions from Two-Stroke Engine Vehicles”. The World Bank. Sawa. 1997. Japan’s Experience in the Battle against Air Pollution. 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 87

Website References • http: //www. oecd. org/EN/home/0, , EN-home-518 -nodirectorate-no-no-no-8, 00. html • http: //www. env. go. jp/en/pol/est/top-e. html • http: //www. cstctd. org/CSThomepage. htm • http: //www. planetark. org/ 9/25/2020 Anthony SF Chiu 88