Sustainable Computing Khurshid Ahmad Professor of Computer Science

Sustainable Computing Khurshid Ahmad, Professor of Computer Science, Department of Computer Science Trinity College, Dublin-2, IRELAND November 1 st, 2010. 1 https: //www. cs. tcd. ie/Khurshid. Ahmad/Teaching. html 1

Sustainable Computing Moore’s Law Visualising Cities http: //search. eb. com. elib. tcd. ie/eb/art-68188/Moores-law-In-1965 -Gordon-E-Moore-observed-that-the 2

Sustainable Computing Moore’s Law Visualising Cities http: //search. eb. com. elib. tcd. ie/eb/art-68188/Moores-law-In-1965 -Gordon-E-Moore-observed-that-the 3

Sustainable Computing Moore’s Law Visualising Cities http: //search. eb. com. elib. tcd. ie/eb/art-68188/Moores-law-In-1965 -Gordon-E-Moore-observed-that-the 4

Sustainable Computing Moore’s Law The number of chips on the same area has doubled every 18 -24 months; and has increased exponentially. However, the R&D costs and manufacturing costs for building ultra-small, high-precision circuitry and controls had an impact on the prices http: //search. eb. com. elib. tcd. ie/eb/art-68188/Moores-law-In-1965 -Gordon-E-Moore-observed-that-the 5

Sustainable Computing The fabrication of processors Schematic structure of a CMOS chip (c. early 2000). The graphic shows LDD-MISFET's on a SOI silicon substrate with five metallization layers and solder bump for flip-chip bonding. The manufacture involves photolithography, vacuum deposition, chemical etching. Compounds of elements Cobalt, Cooper, [Germanium], Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Silicon, and Tungsten are used. It had been suggested that the amount of the compounds used will be reduced dramatically by nanotechnology. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Cmos-chip_structure_in_2000 s_(en). svg 6

Sustainable Computing Moore’s Law The cost of computation is falling dramatically – an exponential decay in what we can get by spending $1000 (calculations per second): In 1940: In 1950: In 1960: In 1970: In 1980: In 1990: In 2000: 0. 01 1 100 500 -1000 10, 000 100, 000 1, 000 http: //search. eb. com. elib. tcd. ie/eb/art-68188/Moores-law-In-1965 -Gordon-E-Moore-observed-that-the 7

Sustainable Computing Moore’s Law The cost of data storage is falling dramatically – an exponential decay in what we can get by spending the same amount of money: In 1980: 0. 001 GB In 1985: 0. 01 In 1990: 0. 1 In 1995: 1 In 2000: 10 In 2005: 100 In 2010: 1000 http: //search. eb. com. elib. tcd. ie/eb/art-68188/Moores-law-In-1965 -Gordon-E-Moore-observed-that-the 8

Sustainable Computing Moore’s Law Multicore vs. single core processors Computer performance has been driven largely by decreasing the size of chips while increasing the number of transistors they contain. In accordance with Moore’s law, this has caused chip speeds to rise and prices to drop. This ongoing trend has driven much of the computing industry for years. However, transistors can’t shrink forever. Even now, as transistor components grow thinner, chip manufacturers have struggled to cap power usage and heat generation, two critical problems. Geer, David (2005). Chip Makers Turn to Multicore Processors, Computer 2005, pp 11 -13 (electronic version available at http: //ieeexplore. ieee. org. elib. tcd. ie/stamp. jsp? tp=&arnumber=1430623&isnumber=30853 9

Sustainable Computing Moore’s Law Multicore vs. single core processors Chip performance increased 60 percent per year in the 1990 s but slowed to 40 percent per year from 2000 to 2004, when performance increased by only 20 percent. Energy and other costs were becoming noticeably larger Geer, David (2005). Chip Makers Turn to Multicore Processors, Computer 2005, pp 11 -13 (electronic version available at http: //ieeexplore. ieee. org. elib. tcd. ie/stamp. jsp? tp=&arnumber=1430623&isnumber=30853 10

Sustainable Computing Moore’s Law Multicore vs. single core processors SOLUTION: Instead of a single very powerful processor , what we have are a number of less powerful processors. The multi-core processors can execute clumps of instructions in parallel and thus have higher performance – in some cases dual-core processors have 1. 5 times the performance of single core and at a lesser cost for cooling and environmental impact. http: //ieeexplore. ieee. org. elib. tcd. ie/stamp. jsp? tp=&arnumber=1430623&isnumber=30853 11

Sustainable Computing Display Systems An active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) is a type of flat panel display. A flat panelt display is relatively light weight, has a better image quality, a wider colour gamut, and better response time when compared, say, to a cathode-ray tube. The term was first used in 1975 by Dr T. Peter Brody to describe a method of switching individual elements of a flat panel display, using a Cd. Se TFT for each pixel. Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, toxic, bluish-white bivalent metal. It is similar in many respects to zinc but forms more complex compounds. Selenium is toxic in large doses, selenium is an essential micronutrient for animals. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Active-matrix_liquid_crystal_display 12

Sustainability and Computing Using power management features on your computer can save more than 600 KWh of electricity and more than $60 a year in energy costs. That equates to nearly half a ton of CO 2 – more than lowering your home thermostat by two degrees Fahrenheit in the winter or replacing six standard light bulbs with compact fluorescents. http: //www. climatesaverscomputing. org/learn/saving-energy-at-home/ 13

Sustainability and Computing Eco-friendly computing A typical PC takes 110 watts to run, and there almost a billion of them on the planet. And according to the Silicon Valley Toxics Commission, e-waste is the fastest growing part of the waste stream. http: //ncomputing. com/Green. Computing/Greencomputing. aspx 14

Sustainability and Computing The limits to growth Today's PCs are so powerful that we no longer need one for each person. We can tap into the excess power in one PC and share it with many users. Some of the newer systems uses just 1 to 5 watts, lasts for a decade, and generates just a few ounces of e-waste. 15 http: //ncomputing. com/Green. Computing/Greencomputing. aspx

Sustainability and Computing http: //www. internetworldstats. com/stats. htm The Internet keeps growing and growing Population REGION Internet Users Penetration Growth Internet Users (Est. 2009, 100 M) 31/12/2000 (100 M) 17/08/2009 (100 M) % 2009 Population Year 2000 as base % 2009 Population (a) (b) (c) (d)= (c)/(a) (e)= (c-b)/(c) (f)= (c)/WORLD North America 3. 41 1. 08 2. 52 73. 9% 1. 3 15. 1% Oceania/Australia 0. 35 0. 08 0. 21 60. 1% 1. 7 1. 2% Europe 8. 04 1. 05 4. 02 50. 1% 2. 8 24. 1% Latin Am/Carib. 5. 87 0. 18 1. 76 30. 0% 8. 7 10. 5% Middle East 2. 03 0. 48 23. 7% 13. 6 2. 9% 38. 08 1. 14 7. 04 18. 5% 5. 2 42. 2% 9. 91 0. 05 0. 66 6. 7% 13. 6 3. 9% 67. 68 3. 61 16. 69 24. 7% 3. 6 Asia Africa WORLD 100. 0%16

Sustainable Computing Rapid development of technologies can be disruptive Disruptive technology and disruptive innovation are terms used in business and technology literature to describe innovations that improve a product or service in ways that the market does not expect, typically by being lower priced or designed for a different set of consumers. ICT are generally regarded as disruptive technologies. However, institutions have difficulty in adapting to the disruption. As our sustainable city depends critically and strategically on ICT, and ICT is disruptive, then careful consideration of the disruption should be taken when planning the city. 17

Sustainable Computing Rapid development of technologies can be disruptive http: //www. internetworldstats. com/stats. htm Disruptive technology and disruptive innovation are terms used in business and technology literature to describe innovations that improve a product or service in ways that the market does not expect, typically by being lower priced or designed for a different set of consumers Mother Technology Cathode Ray Tube Centralised Computing Progeny Disrupted by (c. 1950 -1970) Flat Panel Screens Personal Computing (c. 1980’s) Disrupted by Web-based Computing Traditional Publishing Disrupted by Desk-top publishing Terrestrial TV Satellite TV Disrupted by Satellite TV Web TV Personal Computing (c. 1980’s) Disrupted by 18

Sustainable Computing Rapid development of technologies can be disruptive http: //www. internetworldstats. com/stats. htm Disruptive technology and disruptive innovation are terms used in business and technology literature to describe innovations that improve a product or service in ways that the market does not expect, typically by being lower priced or designed for a different set of consumers Disruptive computing brings with itself a mass of equipment which is then not used. This legacy of equipment will have a negative impact on a sustainable city – a city that is run using computers: what to do with the equipment? Throw it away in a land fill? Recycle it? Reuse it? Not to follow fashion? Here are some facts for you to make up your mind 19

Sustainable Computing End-of-Life Planning: Sticking it in a storage area http: //update. unu. edu/archive/issue 31_5. htm 20

Sustainable Computing End-of-Life Planning http: //www. epa. gov/epawaste/conserve/materials/ecycling/docs/app-1. pdf 21

Sustainable Computing Average weight of Computers & Peripherals Average Weight (Kilograms) Year PC Desktops Portables HC Peripehrals Mice Keyboards CRT PC Flat Panel 1980 10. 0 8. 2 0. 1 1. 3 11. 1 0. 0 1985 10. 0 8. 2 0. 1 1. 3 11. 1 0. 0 1990 9. 9 0. 0 8. 9 0. 1 1. 3 11. 2 1995 10. 4 3. 7 7. 6 0. 1 1. 3 14. 8 11. 2 2000 10. 0 3. 2 8. 4 0. 1 1. 3 23. 6 11. 2 2002 10. 9 3. 1 7. 4 0. 1 1. 3 23. 2 11. 2 2004 10. 0 2. 9 7. 9 0. 1 1. 3 22. 9 11. 2 2006 10. 0 2. 9 7. 9 0. 1 1. 3 22. 9 11. 2 2007 10. 0 2. 9 7. 9 0. 1 1. 3 22. 9 11. 2 22

Sustainable Computing Estimated Sales of Computers & Peripherals Estimated SALES is Millions of Units Year Desktops Portables Hard Copy Peripherals Mice Keyboards PC CRT PC Flat Panel 1980 1 0. 5 1 1 1 1985 5. 8 3 5. 8 1990 9. 5 5 9. 5 21. 7 9. 4 0. 9 1995 19. 1 3. 6 11. 9 19. 1 47. 6 22. 2 3 2000 40. 8 9. 6 28. 7 56. 2 51. 7 37. 5 4. 8 2002 35. 1 10. 9 28. 7 57. 5 48. 6 23. 3 11. 7 2004 39. 4 16. 6 32. 2 39. 4 47. 2 13. 9 22. 7 2006 35. 4 24. 3 35. 4 44. 6 3. 5 38. 6 2007 34. 2 30 36. 9 34. 2 43. 1 1 37 23

Sustainable Computing The cumulative weight of computers and peripherals Estimated TOTAL Computing Equipment Weight (Millions KG) Year Desktops Portables HC Peripherals Mice Key boards. PC CRT PC Flat Panel TOT. 1980 9. 98 0. 00 4. 08 0. 09 1. 32 11. 11 0. 00 26. 58 1985 57. 88 0. 00 24. 49 0. 53 7. 63 64. 46 0. 00 154. 98 1990 93. 94 0. 00 44. 50 0. 86 28. 54 105. 02 10. 04 282. 90 1995 199. 26 13. 39 90. 84 1. 73 62. 61 329. 38 33. 48 730. 70 2000 409. 00 30. 92 240. 31 5. 10 68. 01 884. 51 53. 56 1691. 40 2002 383. 70 33. 62 213. 76 5. 22 63. 93 541. 65 130. 55 1372. 42 2004 393. 17 48. 19 254. 14 3. 57 62. 09 318. 40 253. 30 1332. 86 2006 353. 26 70. 54 270. 71 3. 21 58. 67 80. 17 430. 71 1267. 28 2007 341. 28 87. 09 291. 23 3. 10 56. 69 22. 91 412. 86 1215. 17 2241. 47 283. 75 1434. 07 23. 41 409. 49 2357. 60 1324. 50 8074. 29 TOT. 24

Sustainable Computing The cumulative weight of computers and peripherals Estimated TOTAL Computing Equipment Weight (Millions KG) Year Desktops Portables HC Peripherals Key boards. Mice PC CRT PC Flat Panel TOT. 1980 9. 98 0. 00 4. 08 0. 09 1. 32 11. 11 0. 00 26. 58 1985 57. 88 0. 00 24. 49 0. 53 7. 63 64. 46 0. 00 154. 98 1990 93. 94 0. 00 44. 50 0. 86 28. 54 105. 02 10. 04 282. 90 1995 199. 26 13. 39 90. 84 1. 73 62. 61 329. 38 33. 48 730. 70 2000 409. 00 30. 92 240. 31 5. 10 68. 01 884. 51 53. 56 1691. 40 2002 383. 70 33. 62 213. 76 5. 22 63. 93 541. 65 130. 55 1372. 42 2004 393. 17 48. 19 254. 14 3. 57 62. 09 318. 40 253. 30 1332. 86 2006 353. 26 70. 54 270. 71 3. 21 58. 67 80. 17 430. 71 1267. 28 2007 341. 28 87. 09 291. 23 3. 10 56. 69 22. 91 412. 86 1215. 17 2241. 47 283. 75 1434. 07 23. 41 409. 49 2357. 60 1324. 50 8074. 29 121423 15371 77685 1268 22183 127714 71750 437394 TOT. Jumbo Jets 184, 600 KG empty weight of Jumbo Jet 25

Sustainable Computing End-of-Life Planning http: //www. epa. gov/epawaste/conserve/materials/ecycling/docs/app-1. pdf 26

Sustainable Computing Environmental Impact and Conservation Issues Material Main applications in computer production Arsenic ‘Doping’ agents in transistors and printed wiring board Beryllium Used for thermal conductivity Cadmium SMD chip resistors, infrared detectors, semiconductors, older models of CRTs; also used as plastic stabilizer Environment Victoria, Computer waste in Australia and the case for producer responsibility, June 2005. (http: //www. canz. org. nz/Computer%20 toxicity. htm) 27

Sustainable Computing Environmental Impact and Conservation Issues Material Main applications in computer production Lead Soldering of printed circuit boards and other components; glass panels in CRT monitors Mercury Sensors and switches on printed circuit boards, batteries, switches/housing, printed wiring boards, tubes in flat panel screens Plastics including PVC Cabling, computer housings Selenium Used in rectifiers and printed wiring boards Environment Victoria, Computer waste in Australia and the case for producer responsibility, June 2005. (http: //www. canz. org. nz/Computer%20 toxicity. htm) 28

Sustainable Computing Do you really need such a powerful computer? Users should think carefully about whether they really need a new computer, if upgrading their existing computer could serve the same purpose. Actions such as delaying replacement and upgrading the memory or storage space or, if the machine is replaced, donating the old computer so that it may continue to be used offer potential energy savings of between five and 20 times those gained by recycling. http: //www. infoworld. com/t/hardware/un-study-think-upgrade-buying-new-pc-601 29

Sustainable Computing Do you really need such a powerful computer? Large quantities of energy is required to manufacture a personal computer/laptop/palmtop/PDA comprising high-tech components like semiconductors Typically these components are destroyed in the recycling process to collect a small amount of raw materials. It was established in 2002 that ‘ 1. 7 kilograms of fossil fuels and chemicals and 32 kilograms of water are used to produce a single 2 -gram 32 M-byte DRAM (dynamic RAM) memory chip. ’ http: //www. infoworld. com/t/hardware/un-study-think-upgrade-buying-new-pc-601 30

Sustainable Computing Do you really need such a powerful computer? The solution? Today's PCs are so powerful that we no longer need one for each person. We can tap into the excess power in one PC and share it with many users. NComputing technology uses just 1 to 5 watts, lasts for a decade, and generates just a few ounces of e-waste. http: //ncomputing. com/Green. Computing/Greencomputing. aspx 31

Sustainable Computing Do you really need such a powerful computer? A sustainable city will need to provide an information infrastructure, e. g. computer labs in schools and colleges. There are many labs in the schools and colleges, and each lab may have tens of computers. There is a tendency to buy complex equipment for general purpose use and a tendency to replace the equipment every 3 -5 years. This cannot be sustained across the school systems in a sustainable city. http: //ncomputing. com/Green. Computing/Greencomputing. aspx 32

Sustainable Computing Do you really need a computer on your desk? One solution is cloud computing. This involves an enterprise, remote from the actual place of use, to provide storage and processing power ON DEMAND. Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure in the "cloud" that supports them. Cloud computing services often provide common business applications online that are accessed from a web browser, while the software and data are stored on the servers. This technology has been used in some North American schools systems. Here is an easy way to find out about cloud computing. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=hpl. Xn. FUl. Pmg&feature=fvw 33

Sustainable Computing Environmental Impact and Conservation Issues The ICT sector’s own emissions are expected to increase, in a business as usual (BAU) scenario, from 0. 53 billion tonnes (Gt) carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e) in 2002 to 1. 43 Gt. CO 2 e in 2020. But specific ICT opportunities […] can lead to emission reductions five times the size of the sector’s own footprint, up to 7. 8 Gt. CO 2 e, or 15% of total BAU emissions by 2020. http: //www. theclimategroup. org/assets/resources/publications/Smart 2020 Report. pdf 34

Sustainable Computing Environmental Impact and Conservation Issues The ICT sector’s own emissions are expected to increase, in a business as usual (BAU) scenario, from 0. 53 billion tonnes (Gt) carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e) in 2002 to 1. 43 Gt. CO 2 e in 2020. But specific ICT opportunities […] can lead to emission reductions five times the size of the sector’s own footprint, up to 7. 8 Gt. CO 2 e, or 15% of total BAU emissions by 2020. http: //www. theclimategroup. org/assets/resources/publications/Smart 2020 Report. pdf 35

Sustainable Computing Environmental Impact and Conservation Issues In 2007, the total footprint of the ICT sector – including personal computers (PCs) and peripherals, telecoms networks and devices and data centres – was 830 Mt. CO 2 e, about 2% of the estimated total emissions from human activity released that year. Even if the efficient technology developments […] are implemented, this figure looks set to grow at 6% each year until 2020. The carbon generated from materials and manufacture is about one quarter of the overall ICT footprint, the rest coming from its use http: //www. theclimategroup. org/assets/resources/publications/Smart 2020 Report. pdf 36

Sustainable Computing Environmental Impact and Conservation Issues Using power management features on your computer can save more than 600 KWh of electricity and more than $60 a year in energy costs. That equates to nearly half a ton of CO 2 – more than lowering your home thermostat by two degrees Fahrenheit in the winter or replacing six standard light bulbs with compact fluorescents. http: //www. climatesaverscomputing. org/learn/saving-energy-at-home/ 37

Sustainable Computing Environmental Impact and Conservation Issues Material Main applications in computer production Environmental/health Impacts Arsenic ‘Doping’ agents in transistors and printed wiring board Chronic exposure to arsenic can lead to various diseases of the skin and decrease nerve conduction velocity. It can also cause lung cancer and can often be fata Beryllium Used for thermal conductivity Recently identified as human carcinogen. Exposure can cause lung cancer and skin diseases. Cadmium SMD chip resistors, infrared detectors, semiconductors, older models of CRTs; also used as plastic stabilizer When plastics containing cadmium are landfilled, can leach into groundwater. Acute and chronic toxic compound which accumulates in human body, esp. in kidneys. Can be absorbed either through respiration or ingested through food. Environment Victoria, Computer waste in Australia and the case for producer responsibility, June 2005. (http: //www. canz. org. nz/Computer%20 toxicity. htm) 38

Sustainable Computing Environmental Impact and Conservation Issues Material Main applications in computer production Environmental/health Impacts Lead Soldering of printed circuit boards and other components; glass panels in CRT monitors Significant amounts of lead ions are dissolved from broken lead containing glass, such as the cone glass of cathode ray tubes, when mixed with acid waters which commonly occur in landfills. Accumulates in environment and has high acute and toxic effects on plants, animals, and micro-organisms Damage to nervous system, blood Mercury Sensors and switches on printed circuit boards, batteries, switches/housing, printed wiring boards, tubes in flat panel screens Mercury is released when electronic devices that contain it are destroyed – such as in, or on the way to, landfills. The vaporization of metallic mercury and dimethylene mercury is also a possibility. Both are highly toxic – methylated mercury causes chronic brain damage. Inorganic mercury is transformed into methylated mercury when introduced into natural water systems, where it concentrates in sediment. Easily accumulates in living organisms, especially fish. Plastics including PVC Cabling, computer housings Various cancers; endocrine system disruption (PVC emits highly toxic dioxins) Selenium Used in rectifiers and printed wiring boards Exposure to high concentrations of selenium compounds cause selenosis, the symptoms of which are hair loss, nail brittleness, and neurological abnormalities. Environment Victoria, Computer waste in Australia and the case for producer responsibility, June 2005. (http: //www. canz. org. nz/Computer%20 toxicity. htm) 39

Sustainable Computing Environmental Impact and Conservation Issues Cooling Servers and Computers Eighty-nine percent of electricity in the United States is produced with thermally driven water-cooled energy conversion cycles. Thermoelectric power plants withdraw a tremendous amount of water, but only a small percentage is evaporated. The evaporative or consumptive use is approximately 2. 5% or 3, 310 million gal per day (MGD) (12, 530 x 106 L/d). Moreover, hydroelectric plants produce approximately 9% of the nation’s electricity. Evaporative water loss from the reservoir surfaces also results in water being evaporated for electrical production. Torcellini, P. , N. Long, and R. Judkoff (2003). Consumptive Water Use for U. S. Power Production. (NREL/TP-550 -33905). Colorado: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (http: //www. nrel. gov/docs/fy 04 osti/33905. pdf). 40

Sustainable Computing End-of-Life Planning http: //www. epa. gov/epawaste/conserve/materials/ecycling/docs/app-1. pdf 41

Sustainable Computing Terminology In 2005, used or unwanted electronics amounted to approximately 1. 9 to 2. 2 million tons. Of that, about 1. 5 to 1. 8 million tons were primarily disposed in landfills, and only 345, 000 to 379, 000 tons were recycled. http: //epa. gov/osw/conserve/materials/ecycling/docs/fact 7 -08. pdf 42

Sustainable Computing Terminology Glossary of Terms Age Distribution: A distribution describing the various ages at which a particular product is made available for end-of -life management and the frequency at which products are made available for such management at a given age. The age of a device is based on the number of years between its original sale and the end of its life. Disposal: Management of a product at the end of its useful life through landfilling or incineration. End-of-life (EOL) Management: When a product is no longer used, stored, or reused, it has reached its end-of-life. The management options for a product at end-of-life include recycling or disposal. Lifespan: The period of time between when a product is initially purchased and when it reaches the end of its life. See definition of age distribution above. Recycling: Electronic devices may be recovered for the purpose of dismantling, parts and/or materials recovery, and/or resale (resale that occurs by a recycler and not by the user of the product). Reuse: Occurs when the first user gives up a product by informal sale or donation (other than making it available for end of life management) and a subsequent user uses the product for its intended purpose. Storage: Holding or storing a product for a temporary period by the first owner of the product or any other owner, at the end of which it is reused, resold, recycled, or disposed. http: //epa. gov/osw/conserve/materials/ecycling/docs/fact 7 -08. pdf 43

Sustainable Computing End-of-Life, Storage and Current Usage Estimated Number of Units in Various Stages as of 2007 Collected for EOL Management In Storage Still in Use Total Sold Desktops 277. 6 65. 7 205. 8 549. 1 Portables 67. 1 2. 1 101. 7 170. 9 209. 3 25. 2 173. 7 408. 2 339 42. 4 207. 2 588. 6 135. 4 688. 4 1716. 8 HC Peripherals PC Monitors TOTAL Computing 893 Television 306. 6 TOTAL Computing + TV 1199. 6 99. 1 299. 1 704. 8 234. 5 987. 5 2421. 6 http: //update. unu. edu/archive/issue 31_5. htm 44

Sustainable Computing Environmental Impact and Conservation Issues in Internet Computing Servers: Up to a third of the total energy consumed by a typical server is wasted before reaching the computing components: First, during the conversion of one kind of electricity to another The power supply is the major loser here when it converts AC supply to DC. Second, wasted energy is in voltage regulator circuitry. ‘This circuitry sits on the computer's motherboard and further converts the power supply's output voltages to the voltages required by the microchips. ’ Google’s efficient servers lose only 15% of the energy. http: //www. google. com/corporate/green/datacenters/step 1. html 45

Sustainable Computing Environmental Impact and Conservation Issues in Internet Computing Servers: A data center is a building housing thousands of servers. The losses are of two types: • First, in delivering large amounts of energy to the servers; • Second, the server building also has the provision of alternative supplies in case the mains supply is disrupted. Typically 10 -20% of the incoming power is lost in this machinery. http: //www. google. com/corporate/green/datacenters/step 1. html Fact Sheet on National Data Center Energy Efficiency Information Program. U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) March 19, 2008 46

Sustainable Computing Environmental Impact and Conservation Issues in Internet Computing Servers: ‘U. S. data centers consume a growing portion of the U. S. energy/electricity supply due to growing demand for the services they provide. Data centers used 61 billion k. Wh of electricity in 2006, representing 1. 5% of all U. S. electricity consumption and double the amount consumed in 2000. Based on current trends, energy consumed by data centers will continue to grow by 12% per year’ (US Do. E/US EPA Fact Sheet, 2009). Google has used a range of technologies to reduce the energy overhead, including evaporative technologies, and now “energyweighted average overhead across all Google-built data centers [has been reduced] to 19%. ” http: //www. google. com/corporate/green/datacenters/step 1. html Fact Sheet on National Data Center Energy Efficiency Information Program. U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) March 19, 2008 47

Sustainable Computing Environmental Impact and Conservation Issues in Internet Computing http: //www 1. eere. energy. gov/industry/datacenters/software. html 48

Sustainable Computing Environmental Impact and Conservation Issues in Internet Computing Water Management: Energy efficiency reduces greenhouse gas emissions and saves money, but it also plays a central role in fresh water conservation. Most people don't realize that power plants require a significant amount of water to operate. On average, two gallons of water is consumed for every kilowatt-hour of electricity produced in the U. S. By using less electricity to power [ ] computing infrastructure, we also save fresh water. http: //www. google. com/corporate/green/datacenters/step 1. html 49

Sustainable Computing Environmental Impact and Conservation Issues in Internet Computing Sustainable Server Retirement: The US EPA estimates a large majority of U. S. electronic waste ends up in landfills or storage, with only 18% of the equipment retired in 2006 being reused or recycled. http: //www. google. com/corporate/green/datacenters/step 1. html 50

Sustainable Computing Sustaining Well being e. Health means Information and Communication Technologies tools and services for health. Whether e. Health tools are used behind the scenes by healthcare professionals, or directly by patients, they play a significant role in improving the health of European citizens. http: //ec. europa. eu/information_society/activities/health/whatis_ehealth/index_en. htm 51

Sustainable Computing Sustaining Well being Throughout the lectures, the emphasis has been on how to use less of the valuable resources deployed in engineering design, planning and control. You, as future engineers, will have to incorporate systems into engineering artefacts. In our quest for sustainability we have to use systems for planning, design and control. 52

Sustainable Computing Sustaining Well being For a range of systems that are used in ensuring our health and well being, we as engineers, in a sense, are duty bound to use systems that can be used on 24/7 basis. The choice for us is to consider the resourcing of the technology during its creation, resources used to sustain the technological artefacts, and the end-of-life planning for these artefacts. 53

Sustainable Computing Sustaining Well being So, we have looked at the pollutants released in the fabrication of ICT systems, the intensive use of water and energy in the fabrication and subsequent use of such systems. Is there a silver-lining? ? 54

Sustainable Computing Sustaining Well being Yes: ICT researchers are looking at resource sharing in a way that was not only imaginable only a few years ago: Optical fibre technology, cloud and grid computing, nanoscale engineering, agent-based computing. . And, we hope, some of you will turn out to be the smart engineers who will take good care of resources whilts ensuring health and well being. 55

Sustainable Computing Sustaining Well being Thank you for listening to me. 56

Sustainable Computing Sustaining Well being So, we have looked at the pollutants released in the fabrication of ICT systems, the intensive use of water and energy in the fabrication and subsequent use of such systems. Is there a silver-lining? ? 57